# Source code for sympy.core.function

"""
There are two types of functions:
1) defined function like exp or sin that has a name and body
(in the sense that function can be evaluated).
e = exp
2) undefined function with a name but no body. Undefined
functions can be defined using a Function class as follows:
f = Function('f')
(the result will be a Function instance)
3) this isn't implemented yet: anonymous function or lambda function that has
no name but has body with dummy variables. Examples of anonymous function
creation:
f = Lambda(x, exp(x)*x)
f = Lambda(exp(x)*x) # free symbols of expr define the number of args
f = Lambda(exp(x)*x)  # free symbols in the expression define the number
# of arguments
f = exp * Lambda(x,x)
4) isn't implemented yet: composition of functions, like (sin+cos)(x), this
works in sympy core, but needs to be ported back to SymPy.

Examples
========

>>> import sympy
>>> f = sympy.Function("f")
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> f(x)
f(x)
>>> print(sympy.srepr(f(x).func))
Function('f')
>>> f(x).args
(x,)

"""
from .core import BasicMeta, C
from .assumptions import ManagedProperties
from .basic import Basic
from .singleton import S
from .sympify import sympify
from .expr import Expr, AtomicExpr
from .decorators import _sympifyit
from .compatibility import iterable,is_sequence
from .cache import cacheit
from .numbers import Rational, Float

from sympy.core.containers import Tuple, Dict
from sympy.core.logic import fuzzy_and
from sympy.utilities import default_sort_key
from sympy.utilities.iterables import uniq

from sympy import mpmath
import sympy.mpmath.libmp as mlib

def _coeff_isneg(a):
"""Return True if the leading Number is negative.

Examples
========

>>> from sympy.core.function import _coeff_isneg
>>> from sympy import S, Symbol, oo, pi
>>> _coeff_isneg(-3*pi)
True
>>> _coeff_isneg(S(3))
False
>>> _coeff_isneg(-oo)
True
>>> _coeff_isneg(Symbol('n', negative=True)) # coeff is 1
False

"""

if a.is_Mul:
a = a.args[0]
return a.is_Number and a.is_negative

[docs]class PoleError(Exception): pass
class ArgumentIndexError(ValueError): def __str__(self): return ("Invalid operation with argument number %s for Function %s" % (self.args[1], self.args[0]))
[docs]class FunctionClass(ManagedProperties, metaclass=BasicMeta): """ Base class for function classes. FunctionClass is a subclass of type. Use Function('<function name>' [ , signature ]) to create undefined function classes. """ _new = type.__new__ def __repr__(cls): return cls.__name__
class Application(Basic, metaclass=FunctionClass): """ Base class for applied functions. Instances of Application represent the result of applying an application of any type to any object. """ __slots__ = [] is_Function = True nargs = None @cacheit def __new__(cls, *args, **options): args = list(map(sympify, args)) evaluate = options.pop('evaluate', True) if options: raise ValueError("Unknown options: %s" % options) if evaluate: evaluated = cls.eval(*args) if evaluated is not None: return evaluated return super(Application, cls).__new__(cls, *args) @classmethod def eval(cls, *args): """ Returns a canonical form of cls applied to arguments args. The eval() method is called when the class cls is about to be instantiated and it should return either some simplified instance (possible of some other class), or if the class cls should be unmodified, return None. Examples of eval() for the function "sign" --------------------------------------------- @classmethod def eval(cls, arg): if arg is S.NaN: return S.NaN if arg is S.Zero: return S.Zero if arg.is_positive: return S.One if arg.is_negative: return S.NegativeOne if isinstance(arg, C.Mul): coeff, terms = arg.as_coeff_Mul(rational=True) if coeff is not S.One: return cls(coeff) * cls(terms) """ return @property def func(self): return self.__class__ def _eval_subs(self, old, new): if (old.is_Function and new.is_Function and old == self.func and (self.nargs == new.nargs or not new.nargs or isinstance(new.nargs, tuple) and self.nargs in new.nargs)): return new(*self.args)
[docs]class Function(Application, Expr): """Base class for applied mathematical functions. It also serves as a constructor for undefined function classes. Examples ======== First example shows how to use Function as a constructor for undefined function classes: >>> from sympy import Function, Symbol >>> x = Symbol('x') >>> f = Function('f') >>> g = Function('g')(x) >>> f f >>> f(x) f(x) >>> g g(x) >>> f(x).diff(x) Derivative(f(x), x) >>> g.diff(x) Derivative(g(x), x) In the following example Function is used as a base class for my_func that represents a mathematical function *my_func*. Suppose that it is well known, that *my_func(0)* is *1* and *my_func* at infinity goes to *0*, so we want those two simplifications to occur automatically. Suppose also that *my_func(x)* is real exactly when *x* is real. Here is an implementation that honours those requirements: >>> from sympy import Function, S, oo, I, sin >>> class my_func(Function): ... ... nargs = 1 ... ... @classmethod ... def eval(cls, x): ... if x.is_Number: ... if x is S.Zero: ... return S.One ... elif x is S.Infinity: ... return S.Zero ... ... def _eval_is_real(self): ... return self.args[0].is_real ... >>> x = S('x') >>> my_func(0) + sin(0) 1 >>> my_func(oo) 0 >>> my_func(3.54).n() # Not yet implemented for my_func. my_func(3.54) >>> my_func(I).is_real False In order for my_func to become useful, several other methods would need to be implemented. See source code of some of the already implemented functions for more complete examples. """ @property def _diff_wrt(self): """Allow derivatives wrt functions. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import Function, Symbol >>> f = Function('f') >>> x = Symbol('x') >>> f(x)._diff_wrt True """ return True @cacheit def __new__(cls, *args, **options): # Handle calls like Function('f') if cls is Function: return UndefinedFunction(*args) if cls.nargs is not None: if isinstance(cls.nargs, tuple): nargs = cls.nargs else: nargs = (cls.nargs,) n = len(args) if n not in nargs: # XXX: exception message must be in exactly this format to make # it work with NumPy's functions like vectorize(). The ideal # solution would be just to attach metadata to the exception # and change NumPy to take advantage of this. temp = ('%(name)s takes exactly %(args)s ' 'argument%(plural)s (%(given)s given)') raise TypeError(temp % { 'name': cls, 'args': cls.nargs, 'plural': 's'*(n != 1), 'given': n}) evaluate = options.get('evaluate', True) result = super(Function, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **options) if not evaluate or not isinstance(result, cls): return result pr = max(cls._should_evalf(a) for a in result.args) pr2 = min(cls._should_evalf(a) for a in result.args) if pr2 > 0: return result.evalf(mlib.libmpf.prec_to_dps(pr)) return result @classmethod def _should_evalf(cls, arg): """ Decide if the function should automatically evalf(). By default (in this implementation), this happens if (and only if) the ARG is a floating point number. This function is used by __new__. """ if arg.is_Float: return arg._prec if not arg.is_Add: return -1 re, im = arg.as_real_imag() l = [a._prec for a in [re, im] if a.is_Float] l.append(-1) return max(l) @classmethod def class_key(cls): funcs = { 'exp': 10, 'log': 11, 'sin': 20, 'cos': 21, 'tan': 22, 'cot': 23, 'sinh': 30, 'cosh': 31, 'tanh': 32, 'coth': 33, 'conjugate': 40, 're': 41, 'im': 42, 'arg': 43, } name = cls.__name__ try: i = funcs[name] except KeyError: nargs = cls.nargs i = 0 if nargs is None else 10000 return 4, i, name @property
[docs] def is_commutative(self): """ Returns whether the functon is commutative. """ if all(getattr(t, 'is_commutative') for t in self.args): return True else: return False
def _eval_evalf(self, prec): # Lookup mpmath function based on name fname = self.func.__name__ try: if not hasattr(mpmath, fname): from sympy.utilities.lambdify import MPMATH_TRANSLATIONS fname = MPMATH_TRANSLATIONS[fname] func = getattr(mpmath, fname) except (AttributeError, KeyError): try: return C.Float(self._imp_(*self.args), prec) except (AttributeError, TypeError): return # Convert all args to mpf or mpc # Convert the arguments to *higher* precision than requested for the # final result. # XXX + 5 is a guess, it is similar to what is used in evalf.py. Should # we be more intelligent about it? try: args = [arg._to_mpmath(prec + 5) for arg in self.args] except ValueError: return # Set mpmath precision and apply. Make sure precision is restored # afterwards orig = mpmath.mp.prec try: mpmath.mp.prec = prec v = func(*args) finally: mpmath.mp.prec = orig return Expr._from_mpmath(v, prec) def _eval_derivative(self, s): # f(x).diff(s) -> x.diff(s) * f.fdiff(1)(s) i = 0 l = [] for a in self.args: i += 1 da = a.diff(s) if da is S.Zero: continue try: df = self.fdiff(i) except ArgumentIndexError: df = Function.fdiff(self, i) l.append(df * da) return Add(*l) def _eval_is_commutative(self): return fuzzy_and(a.is_commutative for a in self.args)
[docs] def as_base_exp(self): """ Returns the method as the 2-tuple (base, exponent). """ return self, S.One
def _eval_aseries(self, n, args0, x, logx): """ Compute an asymptotic expansion around args0, in terms of self.args. This function is only used internally by _eval_nseries and should not be called directly; derived classes can overwrite this to implement asymptotic expansions. """ from sympy.utilities.misc import filldedent raise PoleError(filldedent(''' Asymptotic expansion of %s around %s is not implemented.''' % (type(self), args0))) def _eval_nseries(self, x, n, logx): """ This function does compute series for multivariate functions, but the expansion is always in terms of *one* variable. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import atan2, O >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> atan2(x, y).series(x, n=2) atan2(0, y) + x/y + O(x**2) >>> atan2(x, y).series(y, n=2) -y/x + atan2(x, 0) + O(y**2) This function also computes asymptotic expansions, if necessary and possible: >>> from sympy import loggamma >>> loggamma(1/x)._eval_nseries(x,0,None) -1/x - log(x)/x + log(x)/2 + O(1) """ if self.func.nargs is None: from sympy.utilities.misc import filldedent raise NotImplementedError(filldedent(''' series for user-defined functions are not supported.''')) args = self.args args0 = [t.limit(x, 0) for t in args] if any(t.is_bounded == False for t in args0): from sympy import oo, zoo, nan # XXX could use t.as_leading_term(x) here but it's a little # slower a = [t.compute_leading_term(x, logx=logx) for t in args] a0 = [t.limit(x, 0) for t in a] if any ([t.has(oo, -oo, zoo, nan) for t in a0]): return self._eval_aseries(n, args0, x, logx )._eval_nseries(x, n, logx) # Careful: the argument goes to oo, but only logarithmically so. We # are supposed to do a power series expansion "around the # logarithmic term". e.g. # f(1+x+log(x)) # -> f(1+logx) + x*f'(1+logx) + O(x**2) # where 'logx' is given in the argument a = [t._eval_nseries(x, n, logx) for t in args] z = [r - r0 for (r, r0) in zip(a, a0)] p = [Dummy() for t in z] q = [] v = None for ai, zi, pi in zip(a0, z, p): if zi.has(x): if v is not None: raise NotImplementedError q.append(ai + pi) v = pi else: q.append(ai) e1 = self.func(*q) if v is None: return e1 s = e1._eval_nseries(v, n, logx) o = s.getO() s = s.removeO() s = s.subs(v, zi).expand() + C.Order(o.expr.subs(v, zi), x) return s if (self.func.nargs == 1 and args0[0]) or self.func.nargs > 1: e = self e1 = e.expand() if e == e1: #for example when e = sin(x+1) or e = sin(cos(x)) #let's try the general algorithm term = e.subs(x, S.Zero) if term.is_bounded is False or term is S.NaN: raise PoleError("Cannot expand %s around 0" % (self)) series = term fact = S.One for i in range(n-1): i += 1 fact *= Rational(i) e = e.diff(x) subs = e.subs(x, S.Zero) if subs is S.NaN: # try to evaluate a limit if we have to subs = e.limit(x, S.Zero) if subs.is_bounded is False: raise PoleError("Cannot expand %s around 0" % (self)) term = subs*(x**i)/fact term = term.expand() series += term return series + C.Order(x**n, x) return e1.nseries(x, n=n, logx=logx) arg = self.args[0] l = [] g = None for i in range(n+2): g = self.taylor_term(i, arg, g) g = g.nseries(x, n=n, logx=logx) l.append(g) return Add(*l) + C.Order(x**n, x) def _eval_rewrite(self, pattern, rule, **hints): if hints.get('deep', False): args = [a._eval_rewrite(pattern, rule, **hints) for a in self.args] else: args = self.args if pattern is None or isinstance(self.func, pattern): if hasattr(self, rule): rewritten = getattr(self, rule)(*args) if rewritten is not None: return rewritten return self.func(*args)
[docs] def fdiff(self, argindex=1): """ Returns the first derivative of the function. """ if self.nargs is not None: if isinstance(self.nargs, tuple): nargs = self.nargs[-1] else: nargs = self.nargs if not (1<=argindex<=nargs): raise ArgumentIndexError(self, argindex) if not self.args[argindex-1].is_Symbol: # See issue 1525 and issue 1620 and issue 2501 arg_dummy = C.Dummy('xi_%i' % argindex) return Subs(Derivative( self.subs(self.args[argindex-1], arg_dummy), arg_dummy), arg_dummy, self.args[argindex-1]) return Derivative(self,self.args[argindex-1],evaluate=False)
def _eval_as_leading_term(self, x): """Stub that should be overridden by new Functions to return the first non-zero term in a series if ever an x-dependent argument whose leading term vanishes as x -> 0 might be encountered. See, for example, cos._eval_as_leading_term. """ args = [a.as_leading_term(x) for a in self.args] o = C.Order(1, x) if any(x in a.free_symbols and o.contains(a) for a in args): # Whereas x and any finite number are contained in O(1, x), # expressions like 1/x are not. If any arg simplified to a # vanishing expression as x -> 0 (like x or x**2, but not # 3, 1/x, etc...) then the _eval_as_leading_term is needed # to supply the first non-zero term of the series, # # e.g. expression leading term # ---------- ------------ # cos(1/x) cos(1/x) # cos(cos(x)) cos(1) # cos(x) 1 <- _eval_as_leading_term needed # sin(x) x <- _eval_as_leading_term needed # raise NotImplementedError( '%s has no _eval_as_leading_term routine' % self.func) else: return self.func(*args) @classmethod
[docs] def taylor_term(cls, n, x, *previous_terms): """General method for the taylor term. This method is slow, because it differentiates n-times. Subclasses can redefine it to make it faster by using the "previous_terms". """ x = sympify(x) return cls(x).diff(x, n).subs(x, 0) * x**n / C.factorial(n)
class AppliedUndef(Function): """ Base class for expressions resulting from the application of an undefined function. """ def __new__(cls, *args, **options): args = list(map(sympify, args)) result = super(AppliedUndef, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **options) result.nargs = len(args) return result class UndefinedFunction(FunctionClass): """ The (meta)class of undefined functions. """ def __new__(mcl, name): return BasicMeta.__new__(mcl, name, (AppliedUndef,), {})
[docs]class WildFunction(Function, AtomicExpr): """ WildFunction() matches any expression but another WildFunction() XXX is this as intended, does it work ? """ nargs = 1 def __new__(cls, name, **assumptions): obj = Function.__new__(cls, name, **assumptions) obj.name = name return obj def matches(self, expr, repl_dict={}): if self.nargs is not None: if not hasattr(expr,'nargs') or self.nargs != expr.nargs: return None repl_dict = repl_dict.copy() repl_dict[self] = expr return repl_dict @property def is_number(self): return False
[docs]class Derivative(Expr): """ Carries out differentiation of the given expression with respect to symbols. expr must define ._eval_derivative(symbol) method that returns the differentiation result. This function only needs to consider the non-trivial case where expr contains symbol and it should call the diff() method internally (not _eval_derivative); Derivative should be the only one to call _eval_derivative. Ordering of variables: If evaluate is set to True and the expression can not be evaluated, the list of differentiation symbols will be sorted, that is, the expression is assumed to have continuous derivatives up to the order asked. This sorting assumes that derivatives wrt Symbols commute, derivatives wrt non-Symbols commute, but Symbol and non-Symbol derivatives don't commute with each other. Derivative wrt non-Symbols: This class also allows derivatives wrt non-Symbols that have _diff_wrt set to True, such as Function and Derivative. When a derivative wrt a non- Symbol is attempted, the non-Symbol is temporarily converted to a Symbol while the differentiation is performed. Note that this may seem strange, that Derivative allows things like f(g(x)).diff(g(x)), or even f(cos(x)).diff(cos(x)). The motivation for allowing this syntax is to make it easier to work with variational calculus (i.e., the Euler-Lagrange method). The best way to understand this is that the action of derivative with respect to a non-Symbol is defined by the above description: the object is substituted for a Symbol and the derivative is taken with respect to that. This action is only allowed for objects for which this can be done unambiguously, for example Function and Derivative objects. Note that this leads to what may appear to be mathematically inconsistent results. For example:: >>> from sympy import cos, sin, sqrt >>> from sympy.abc import x >>> (2*cos(x)).diff(cos(x)) 2 >>> (2*sqrt(1 - sin(x)**2)).diff(cos(x)) 0 This appears wrong because in fact 2*cos(x) and 2*sqrt(1 - sin(x)**2) are identically equal. However this is the wrong way to think of this. Think of it instead as if we have something like this:: >>> from sympy.abc import c, s >>> def F(u): ... return 2*u ... >>> def G(u): ... return 2*sqrt(1 - u**2) ... >>> F(cos(x)) 2*cos(x) >>> G(sin(x)) 2*sqrt(-sin(x)**2 + 1) >>> F(c).diff(c) 2 >>> F(c).diff(c) 2 >>> G(s).diff(c) 0 >>> G(sin(x)).diff(cos(x)) 0 Here, the Symbols c and s act just like the functions cos(x) and sin(x), respectively. Think of 2*cos(x) as f(c).subs(c, cos(x)) (or f(c) *at* c = cos(x)) and 2*sqrt(1 - sin(x)**2) as g(s).subs(s, sin(x)) (or g(s) *at* s = sin(x)), where f(u) == 2*u and g(u) == 2*sqrt(1 - u**2). Here, we define the function first and evaluate it at the function, but we can actually unambiguously do this in reverse in SymPy, because expr.subs(Function, Symbol) is well-defined: just structurally replace the function everywhere it appears in the expression. This is actually the same notational convenience used in the Euler-Lagrange method when one says F(t, f(t), f'(t)).diff(f(t)). What is actually meant is that the expression in question is represented by some F(t, u, v) at u = f(t) and v = f'(t), and F(t, f(t), f'(t)).diff(f(t)) simply means F(t, u, v).diff(u) at u = f(t). We do not allow to take derivative with respect to expressions where this is not so well defined. For example, we do not allow expr.diff(x*y) because there are multiple ways of structurally defining where x*y appears in an expression, some of which may surprise the reader (for example, a very strict definition would have that (x*y*z).diff(x*y) == 0). >>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z >>> (x*y*z).diff(x*y) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: Can't differentiate wrt the variable: x*y, 1 Note that this definition also fits in nicely with the definition of the chain rule. Note how the chain rule in SymPy is defined using unevaluated Subs objects:: >>> from sympy import symbols, Function >>> f, g = symbols('f g', cls=Function) >>> f(2*g(x)).diff(x) 2*Derivative(g(x), x)*Subs(Derivative(f(_xi_1), _xi_1), (_xi_1,), (2*g(x),)) >>> f(g(x)).diff(x) Derivative(g(x), x)*Subs(Derivative(f(_xi_1), _xi_1), (_xi_1,), (g(x),)) Finally, note that, to be consistent with variational calculus, and to ensure that the definition of substituting a Function for a Symbol in an expression is well-defined, derivatives of functions are assumed to not be related to the function. In other words, we have:: >>> from sympy import diff >>> diff(f(x), x).diff(f(x)) 0 The same is actually true for derivatives of different orders:: >>> diff(f(x), x, 2).diff(diff(f(x), x, 1)) 0 >>> diff(f(x), x, 1).diff(diff(f(x), x, 2)) 0 Note, any class can allow derivatives to be taken with respect to itself. See the docstring of Expr._diff_wrt. Examples ======== Some basic examples: >>> from sympy import Derivative, Symbol, Function >>> f = Function('f') >>> g = Function('g') >>> x = Symbol('x') >>> y = Symbol('y') >>> Derivative(x**2, x, evaluate=True) 2*x >>> Derivative(Derivative(f(x,y), x), y) Derivative(f(x, y), x, y) >>> Derivative(f(x), x, 3) Derivative(f(x), x, x, x) >>> Derivative(f(x, y), y, x, evaluate=True) Derivative(f(x, y), x, y) Now some derivatives wrt functions: >>> Derivative(f(x)**2, f(x), evaluate=True) 2*f(x) >>> Derivative(f(g(x)), x, evaluate=True) Derivative(g(x), x)*Subs(Derivative(f(_xi_1), _xi_1), (_xi_1,), (g(x),)) """ is_Derivative = True @property def _diff_wrt(self): """Allow derivatives wrt Derivatives if it contains a function. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import Function, Symbol, Derivative >>> f = Function('f') >>> x = Symbol('x') >>> Derivative(f(x),x)._diff_wrt True >>> Derivative(x**2,x)._diff_wrt False """ if self.expr.is_Function: return True else: return False def __new__(cls, expr, *variables, **assumptions): expr = sympify(expr) # There are no variables, we differentiate wrt all of the free symbols # in expr. if not variables: variables = expr.free_symbols if len(variables) != 1: from sympy.utilities.misc import filldedent raise ValueError(filldedent(''' Since there is more than one variable in the expression, the variable(s) of differentiation must be supplied to differentiate %s''' % expr)) # Standardize the variables by sympifying them and making appending a # count of 1 if there is only one variable: diff(e,x)->diff(e,x,1). variables = list(sympify(variables)) if not variables[-1].is_Integer or len(variables) == 1: variables.append(S.One) # Split the list of variables into a list of the variables we are diff # wrt, where each element of the list has the form (s, count) where # s is the entity to diff wrt and count is the order of the # derivative. variable_count = [] all_zero = True i = 0 while i < len(variables) - 1: # process up to final Integer v, count = variables[i: i+2] iwas = i if v._diff_wrt: # We need to test the more specific case of count being an # Integer first. if count.is_Integer: count = int(count) i += 2 elif count._diff_wrt: count = 1 i += 1 if i == iwas: # didn't get an update because of bad input from sympy.utilities.misc import filldedent raise ValueError(filldedent(''' Can\'t differentiate wrt the variable: %s, %s''' % (v, count))) if all_zero and not count == 0: all_zero = False if count: variable_count.append((v, count)) # We make a special case for 0th derivative, because there is no # good way to unambiguously print this. if all_zero: return expr # Pop evaluate because it is not really an assumption and we will need # to track use it carefully below. evaluate = assumptions.pop('evaluate', False) # Look for a quick exit if there are symbols that don't appear in # expression at all. Note, this cannnot check non-symbols like # functions and Derivatives as those can be created by intermediate # derivatives. if evaluate: symbol_set = set(sc[0] for sc in variable_count if sc[0].is_Symbol) if symbol_set.difference(expr.free_symbols): return S.Zero # We make a generator so as to only generate a variable when necessary. # If a high order of derivative is requested and the expr becomes 0 # after a few differentiations, then we won't need the other variables. variablegen = (v for v, count in variable_count for i in range(count)) # If we can't compute the derivative of expr (but we wanted to) and # expr is itself not a Derivative, finish building an unevaluated # derivative class by calling Expr.__new__. if (not (hasattr(expr, '_eval_derivative') and evaluate) and (not isinstance(expr, Derivative))): variables = list(variablegen) # If we wanted to evaluate, we sort the variables into standard # order for later comparisons. This is too agressive if evaluate # is False, so we don't do it in that case. if evaluate: #TODO: check if assumption of discontinuous derivatives exist variables = cls._sort_variables(variables) # Here we *don't* need to reinject evaluate into assumptions # because we are done with it and it is not an assumption that # Expr knows about. obj = Expr.__new__(cls, expr, *variables, **assumptions) return obj # Compute the derivative now by repeatedly calling the # _eval_derivative method of expr for each variable. When this method # returns None, the derivative couldn't be computed wrt that variable # and we save the variable for later. unhandled_variables = [] # Once we encouter a non_symbol that is unhandled, we stop taking # derivatives entirely. This is because derivatives wrt functions # don't commute with derivatives wrt symbols and we can't safely # continue. unhandled_non_symbol = False for v in variablegen: is_symbol = v.is_Symbol if unhandled_non_symbol: obj = None else: if not is_symbol: new_v = C.Dummy('xi_%i' % i) expr = expr.subs(v, new_v) old_v = v v = new_v obj = expr._eval_derivative(v) if not is_symbol: if obj is not None: obj = obj.subs(v, old_v) v = old_v if obj is None: unhandled_variables.append(v) if not is_symbol: unhandled_non_symbol = True elif obj is S.Zero: return S.Zero else: expr = obj if unhandled_variables: unhandled_variables = cls._sort_variables(unhandled_variables) expr = Expr.__new__(cls, expr, *unhandled_variables, **assumptions) else: # We got a Derivative at the end of it all, and we rebuild it by # sorting its variables. if isinstance(expr, Derivative): expr = Derivative( expr.args[0], *cls._sort_variables(expr.args[1:]) ) return expr @classmethod def _sort_variables(cls, vars): """Sort variables, but disallow sorting of non-symbols. When taking derivatives, the following rules usually hold: * Derivative wrt different symbols commute. * Derivative wrt different non-symbols commute. * Derivatives wrt symbols and non-symbols dont' commute. Examples -------- >>> from sympy import Derivative, Function, symbols >>> vsort = Derivative._sort_variables >>> x, y, z = symbols('x y z') >>> f, g, h = symbols('f g h', cls=Function) >>> vsort((x,y,z)) [x, y, z] >>> vsort((h(x),g(x),f(x))) [f(x), g(x), h(x)] >>> vsort((z,y,x,h(x),g(x),f(x))) [x, y, z, f(x), g(x), h(x)] >>> vsort((x,f(x),y,f(y))) [x, f(x), y, f(y)] >>> vsort((y,x,g(x),f(x),z,h(x),y,x)) [x, y, f(x), g(x), z, h(x), x, y] >>> vsort((z,y,f(x),x,f(x),g(x))) [y, z, f(x), x, f(x), g(x)] >>> vsort((z,y,f(x),x,f(x),g(x),z,z,y,x)) [y, z, f(x), x, f(x), g(x), x, y, z, z] """ sorted_vars = [] symbol_part = [] non_symbol_part = [] for v in vars: if not v.is_Symbol: if len(symbol_part) > 0: sorted_vars.extend(sorted(symbol_part, key=default_sort_key)) symbol_part = [] non_symbol_part.append(v) else: if len(non_symbol_part) > 0: sorted_vars.extend(sorted(non_symbol_part, key=default_sort_key)) non_symbol_part = [] symbol_part.append(v) if len(non_symbol_part) > 0: sorted_vars.extend(sorted(non_symbol_part, key=default_sort_key)) if len(symbol_part) > 0: sorted_vars.extend(sorted(symbol_part, key=default_sort_key)) return sorted_vars def _eval_is_commutative(self): return self.expr.is_commutative def _eval_derivative(self, v): # If the variable s we are diff wrt is not in self.variables, we # assume that we might be able to take the derivative. if v not in self.variables: obj = self.expr.diff(v) if obj is S.Zero: return S.Zero if isinstance(obj, Derivative): return Derivative(obj.expr, *(self.variables + obj.variables)) # The derivative wrt s could have simplified things such that the # derivative wrt things in self.variables can now be done. Thus, # we set evaluate=True to see if there are any other derivatives # that can be done. The most common case is when obj is a simple # number so that the derivative wrt anything else will vanish. return Derivative(obj, *self.variables, **{'evaluate': True}) # In this case s was in self.variables so the derivatve wrt s has # already been attempted and was not computed, either because it # couldn't be or evaluate=False originally. return Derivative(self.expr, *(self.variables + (v, )), **{'evaluate': False}) def doit(self, **hints): expr = self.expr if hints.get('deep', True): expr = expr.doit(**hints) hints['evaluate'] = True return Derivative(expr, *self.variables, **hints) @_sympifyit('z0', NotImplementedError)
[docs] def doit_numerically(self, z0): """ Evaluate the derivative at z numerically. When we can represent derivatives at a point, this should be folded into the normal evalf. For now, we need a special method. """ from sympy import mpmath from sympy.core.expr import Expr if len(self.free_symbols) != 1 or len(self.variables) != 1: raise NotImplementedError('partials and higher order derivatives') z = list(self.free_symbols)[0] def eval(x): f0 = self.expr.subs(z, Expr._from_mpmath(x, prec=mpmath.mp.prec)) f0 = f0.evalf(mlib.libmpf.prec_to_dps(mpmath.mp.prec)) return f0._to_mpmath(mpmath.mp.prec) return Expr._from_mpmath(mpmath.diff(eval, z0._to_mpmath(mpmath.mp.prec)), mpmath.mp.prec)
@property def expr(self): return self._args[0] @property def variables(self): return self._args[1:] @property def free_symbols(self): return self.expr.free_symbols def _eval_subs(self, old, new): if old in self.variables and not new.is_Symbol: # Issue 1620 return Subs(self, old, new) return Derivative(*[x._subs(old, new) for x in self.args]) def _eval_lseries(self, x): dx = self.args[1:] for term in self.args[0].lseries(x): yield Derivative(term, *dx) def _eval_nseries(self, x, n, logx): arg = self.args[0].nseries(x, n=n, logx=logx) o = arg.getO() dx = self.args[1:] rv = [Derivative(a, *dx) for a in Add.make_args(arg.removeO())] if o: rv.append(o/x) return Add(*rv) def _eval_as_leading_term(self, x): return self.args[0].as_leading_term(x)
[docs]class Lambda(Expr): """ Lambda(x, expr) represents a lambda function similar to Python's 'lambda x: expr'. A function of several variables is written as Lambda((x, y, ...), expr). A simple example: >>> from sympy import Lambda >>> from sympy.abc import x >>> f = Lambda(x, x**2) >>> f(4) 16 For multivariate functions, use: >>> from sympy.abc import y, z, t >>> f2 = Lambda((x, y, z, t), x + y**z + t**z) >>> f2(1, 2, 3, 4) 73 A handy shortcut for lots of arguments: >>> p = x, y, z >>> f = Lambda(p, x + y*z) >>> f(*p) x + y*z """ is_Function = True __slots__ = [] def __new__(cls, variables, expr): try: variables = Tuple(*variables) except TypeError: variables = Tuple(variables) if len(variables) == 1 and variables[0] == expr: return S.IdentityFunction #use dummy variables internally, just to be sure new_variables = [C.Dummy(arg.name) for arg in variables] expr = sympify(expr).xreplace(dict(list(zip(variables, new_variables)))) obj = Expr.__new__(cls, Tuple(*new_variables), expr) return obj @property
[docs] def variables(self): """The variables used in the internal representation of the function""" return self._args[0]
@property
[docs] def expr(self): """The return value of the function""" return self._args[1]
@property def free_symbols(self): return self.expr.free_symbols - set(self.variables) @property
[docs] def nargs(self): """The number of arguments that this function takes""" return len(self._args[0])
def __call__(self, *args): if len(args) != self.nargs: from sympy.utilities.misc import filldedent raise TypeError(filldedent(''' %s takes %d arguments (%d given) ''' % (self, self.nargs, len(args)))) return self.expr.xreplace(dict(list(zip(self.variables, args)))) def __eq__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Lambda): return False if self.nargs != other.nargs: return False selfexpr = self.args[1] otherexpr = other.args[1] otherexpr = otherexpr.xreplace(dict(list(zip(other.args[0], self.args[0])))) return selfexpr == otherexpr def __ne__(self, other): return not(self == other) def __hash__(self): return super(Lambda, self).__hash__() def _hashable_content(self): return (self.nargs, ) + tuple(sorted(self.free_symbols)) @property
[docs] def is_identity(self): """Return True if this Lambda is an identity function. """ if len(self.args) == 2: return self.args[0] == self.args[1] else: return None
[docs]class Subs(Expr): """ Represents unevaluated substitutions of an expression. Subs(expr, x, x0) receives 3 arguments: an expression, a variable or list of distinct variables and a point or list of evaluation points corresponding to those variables. Subs objects are generally useful to represent unevaluated derivatives calculated at a point. The variables may be expressions, but they are subjected to the limitations of subs(), so it is usually a good practice to use only symbols for variables, since in that case there can be no ambiguity. There's no automatic expansion - use the method .doit() to effect all possible substitutions of the object and also of objects inside the expression. When evaluating derivatives at a point that is not a symbol, a Subs object is returned. One is also able to calculate derivatives of Subs objects - in this case the expression is always expanded (for the unevaluated form, use Derivative()). A simple example: >>> from sympy import Subs, Function, sin >>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z >>> f = Function('f') >>> e = Subs(f(x).diff(x), x, y) >>> e.subs(y, 0) Subs(Derivative(f(x), x), (x,), (0,)) >>> e.subs(f, sin).doit() cos(y) An example with several variables: >>> Subs(f(x)*sin(y) + z, (x, y), (0, 1)) Subs(z + f(x)*sin(y), (x, y), (0, 1)) >>> _.doit() z + f(0)*sin(1) """ def __new__(cls, expr, variables, point, **assumptions): from sympy import Symbol if not is_sequence(variables, Tuple): variables = [variables] variables = list(sympify(variables)) if uniq(variables) != variables: repeated = [ v for v in set(variables) if list(variables).count(v) > 1 ] raise ValueError('cannot substitute expressions %s more than ' 'once.' % repeated) point = Tuple(*(point if is_sequence(point, Tuple) else [point])) if len(point) != len(variables): raise ValueError('Number of point values must be the same as ' 'the number of variables.') expr = sympify(expr) # use symbols with names equal to the point value (with preppended _) # to give a variable-independent expression pre = "_" pts = sorted(set(point), key=default_sort_key) while 1: s_pts = dict([(p, Symbol(pre + str(p))) for p in pts]) reps = [(v, s_pts[p]) for v, p in zip(variables, point)] # if any underscore-preppended symbol is already a free symbol # and is a variable with a different point value, then there # is a clash, e.g. _0 clashes in Subs(_0 + _1, (_0, _1), (1, 0)) # because the new symbol that would be created is _1 but _1 # is already mapped to 0 so __0 and __1 are used for the new # symbols if any(r in expr.free_symbols and r in variables and Symbol(pre + str(point[variables.index(r)])) != r for _, r in reps): pre += "_" continue break obj = Expr.__new__(cls, expr, Tuple(*variables), point) obj._expr = expr.subs(reps) return obj def _eval_is_commutative(self): return self.expr.is_commutative def doit(self): return self.expr.doit().subs(list(zip(self.variables, self.point))) def evalf(self, prec=None, **options): if prec is None: return self.doit().evalf(**options) else: return self.doit().evalf(prec, **options) n = evalf @property
[docs] def variables(self): """The variables to be evaluated""" return self._args[1]
@property
[docs] def expr(self): """The expression on which the substitution operates""" return self._args[0]
@property
[docs] def point(self): """The values for which the variables are to be substituted""" return self._args[2]
@property def free_symbols(self): return (self.expr.free_symbols - set(self.variables) | set(self.point.free_symbols)) def __eq__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Subs): return False return self._expr == other._expr def __ne__(self, other): return not(self == other) def __hash__(self): return super(Subs, self).__hash__() def _hashable_content(self): return (self._expr, ) def _eval_subs(self, old, new): if old in self.variables: pts = list(self.point.args) pts[list(self.variables).index(old)] = new return Subs(self.expr, self.variables, pts) def _eval_derivative(self, s): if s not in self.free_symbols: return S.Zero return Subs(self.expr.diff(s), self.variables, self.point).doit() \ + Add(*[ Subs(point.diff(s) * self.expr.diff(arg), self.variables, self.point).doit() for arg, point in zip(self.variables, self.point) ])
[docs]def diff(f, *symbols, **kwargs): """ Differentiate f with respect to symbols. This is just a wrapper to unify .diff() and the Derivative class; its interface is similar to that of integrate(). You can use the same shortcuts for multiple variables as with Derivative. For example, diff(f(x), x, x, x) and diff(f(x), x, 3) both return the third derivative of f(x). You can pass evaluate=False to get an unevaluated Derivative class. Note that if there are 0 symbols (such as diff(f(x), x, 0), then the result will be the function (the zeroth derivative), even if evaluate=False. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import sin, cos, Function, diff >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> f = Function('f') >>> diff(sin(x), x) cos(x) >>> diff(f(x), x, x, x) Derivative(f(x), x, x, x) >>> diff(f(x), x, 3) Derivative(f(x), x, x, x) >>> diff(sin(x)*cos(y), x, 2, y, 2) sin(x)*cos(y) >>> type(diff(sin(x), x)) cos >>> type(diff(sin(x), x, evaluate=False)) <class 'sympy.core.function.Derivative'> >>> type(diff(sin(x), x, 0)) sin >>> type(diff(sin(x), x, 0, evaluate=False)) sin >>> diff(sin(x)) cos(x) >>> diff(sin(x*y)) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: specify differentiation variables to differentiate sin(x*y) Note that diff(sin(x)) syntax is meant only for convenience in interactive sessions and should be avoided in library code. References ========== http://documents.wolfram.com/v5/Built-inFunctions/AlgebraicComputation/ Calculus/D.html See Also ======== Derivative """ kwargs.setdefault('evaluate', True) return Derivative(f, *symbols, **kwargs)
[docs]def expand(e, deep=True, modulus=None, power_base=True, power_exp=True, \ mul=True, log=True, multinomial=True, basic=True, **hints): """ Expand an expression using methods given as hints. Hints evaluated unless explicitly set to False are: basic, log, multinomial, mul, power_base, and power_exp The following hints are supported but not applied unless set to True: complex, func, and trig. In addition, the following meta-hints are supported by some or all of the other hints: frac, numer, denom, modulus, and force. deep is supported by all hints. Additionally, subclasses of Expr may define their own hints or meta-hints. The basic hint is used for any special rewriting of an object that should be done automatically (along with the other hints like mul) when expand is called. This is a catch-all hint to handle any sort of expansion that may not be described by the existing hint names. To use this hint an object should override the _eval_expand_basic method. Objects may also define their own expand methods, which are not run by default. See the API section below. If deep is set to True (the default), things like arguments of functions are recursively expanded. Use deep=False to only expand on the top level. If the force hint is used, assumptions about variables will be ignored in making the expansion. Hints ===== These hints are run by default mul --- Distributes multiplication over addition: >>> from sympy import cos, exp, sin >>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z >>> (y*(x + z)).expand(mul=True) x*y + y*z multinomial ----------- Expand (x + y + ...)**n where n is a positive integer. >>> ((x + y + z)**2).expand(multinomial=True) x**2 + 2*x*y + 2*x*z + y**2 + 2*y*z + z**2 power_exp --------- Expand addition in exponents into multiplied bases. >>> exp(x + y).expand(power_exp=True) exp(x)*exp(y) >>> (2**(x + y)).expand(power_exp=True) 2**x*2**y power_base ---------- Split powers of multiplied bases. This only happens by default if assumptions allow, or if the force meta-hint is used: >>> ((x*y)**z).expand(power_base=True) (x*y)**z >>> ((x*y)**z).expand(power_base=True, force=True) x**z*y**z >>> ((2*y)**z).expand(power_base=True) 2**z*y**z Note that in some cases where this expansion always holds, SymPy performs it automatically: >>> (x*y)**2 x**2*y**2 log --- Pull out power of an argument as a coefficient and split logs products into sums of logs. Note that these only work if the arguments of the log function have the proper assumptions--the arguments must be positive and the exponents must be real--or else the force hint must be True: >>> from sympy import log, symbols, oo >>> log(x**2*y).expand(log=True) log(x**2*y) >>> log(x**2*y).expand(log=True, force=True) 2*log(x) + log(y) >>> x, y = symbols('x,y', positive=True) >>> log(x**2*y).expand(log=True) 2*log(x) + log(y) basic ----- This hint is intended primarily as a way for custom subclasses to enable expansion by default. These hints are not run by default: complex ------- Split an expression into real and imaginary parts. >>> x, y = symbols('x,y') >>> (x + y).expand(complex=True) re(x) + re(y) + I*im(x) + I*im(y) >>> cos(x).expand(complex=True) -I*sin(re(x))*sinh(im(x)) + cos(re(x))*cosh(im(x)) Note that this is just a wrapper around as_real_imag(). Most objects that wish to redefine _eval_expand_complex() should consider redefining as_real_imag() instead. func ---- Expand other functions. >>> from sympy import gamma >>> gamma(x + 1).expand(func=True) x*gamma(x) trig ---- Do trigonometric expansions. >>> cos(x + y).expand(trig=True) -sin(x)*sin(y) + cos(x)*cos(y) >>> sin(2*x).expand(trig=True) 2*sin(x)*cos(x) Note that the forms of sin(n*x) and cos(n*x) in terms of sin(x) and cos(x) are not unique, due to the identity \sin^2(x) + \cos^2(x) = 1. The current implementation uses the form obtained from Chebyshev polynomials, but this may change. See this MathWorld article <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Multiple-AngleFormulas.html>_ for more information. Notes ===== - You can shut off unwanted methods:: >>> (exp(x + y)*(x + y)).expand() x*exp(x)*exp(y) + y*exp(x)*exp(y) >>> (exp(x + y)*(x + y)).expand(power_exp=False) x*exp(x + y) + y*exp(x + y) >>> (exp(x + y)*(x + y)).expand(mul=False) (x + y)*exp(x)*exp(y) - Use deep=False to only expand on the top level:: >>> exp(x + exp(x + y)).expand() exp(x)*exp(exp(x)*exp(y)) >>> exp(x + exp(x + y)).expand(deep=False) exp(x)*exp(exp(x + y)) - Hints are applied in an arbitrary, but consistent order (in the current implementation, they are applied in alphabetical order, except multinomial comes before mul, but this may change). Because of this, some hints may prevent expansion by other hints if they are applied first. For example, mul may distribute multiplications and prevent log and power_base from expanding them. Also, if mul is applied before multinomial, the expression might not be fully distributed. The solution is to use the various expand_hint helper functions or to use hint=False to this function to finely control which hints are applied. Here are some examples:: >>> from sympy import expand_log, expand, expand_mul, expand_power_base >>> x, y, z = symbols('x,y,z', positive=True) >>> expand(log(x*(y + z))) log(x) + log(y + z) Here, we see that log was applied before mul. To get the log expanded form, either of the following will work:: >>> expand_log(log(x*(y + z))) log(x) + log(y + z) >>> expand(log(x*(y + z)), mul=False) log(x) + log(y + z) A similar thing can happen with the power_base hint:: >>> expand((x*(y + z))**x) (x*y + x*z)**x To get the power_base expanded form, either of the following will work:: >>> expand((x*(y + z))**x, mul=False) x**x*(y + z)**x >>> expand_power_base((x*(y + z))**x) x**x*(y + z)**x >>> expand((x + y)*y/x) y + y**2/x The parts of a rational expression can be targeted:: >>> expand((x + y)*y/x/(x + 1), frac=True) (x*y + y**2)/(x**2 + x) >>> expand((x + y)*y/x/(x + 1), numer=True) (x*y + y**2)/(x*(x + 1)) >>> expand((x + y)*y/x/(x + 1), denom=True) y*(x + y)/(x**2 + x) - The modulus meta-hint can be used to reduce the coefficients of an expression post-expansion:: >>> expand((3*x + 1)**2) 9*x**2 + 6*x + 1 >>> expand((3*x + 1)**2, modulus=5) 4*x**2 + x + 1 - Either expand() the function or .expand() the method can be used. Both are equivalent:: >>> expand((x + 1)**2) x**2 + 2*x + 1 >>> ((x + 1)**2).expand() x**2 + 2*x + 1 API === Objects can define their own expand hints by defining _eval_expand_hint(). The function should take the form:: def _eval_expand_hint(self, **hints): # Only apply the method to the top-level expression ... See also the example below. Objects should define _eval_expand_hint() methods only if hint applies to that specific object. The generic _eval_expand_hint() method defined in Expr will handle the no-op case. Each hint should be responsible for expanding that hint only. Furthermore, the expansion should be applied to the top-level expression only. expand() takes care of the recursion that happens when deep=True. You should only call _eval_expand_hint() methods directly if you are 100% sure that the object has the method, as otherwise you are liable to get unexpected AttributeErrors. Note, again, that you do not need to recursively apply the hint to args of your object: this is handled automatically by expand(). _eval_expand_hint() should generally not be used at all outside of an _eval_expand_hint() method. If you want to apply a specific expansion from within another method, use the public expand() function, method, or expand_hint() functions. In order for expand to work, objects must be rebuildable by their args, i.e., obj.func(*obj.args) == obj must hold. Expand methods are passed **hints so that expand hints may use 'metahints'--hints that control how different expand methods are applied. For example, the force=True hint described above that causes expand(log=True) to ignore assumptions is such a metahint. The deep meta-hint is handled exclusively by expand() and is not passed to _eval_expand_hint() methods. Note that expansion hints should generally be methods that perform some kind of 'expansion'. For hints that simply rewrite an expression, use the .rewrite() API. Example ------- >>> from sympy import Expr, sympify >>> class MyClass(Expr): ... def __new__(cls, *args): ... args = sympify(args) ... return Expr.__new__(cls, *args) ... ... def _eval_expand_double(self, **hints): ... ''' ... Doubles the args of MyClass. ... ... If there more than four args, doubling is not performed, ... unless force=True is also used (False by default). ... ''' ... force = hints.pop('force', False) ... if not force and len(self.args) > 4: ... return self ... return self.func(*(self.args + self.args)) ... >>> a = MyClass(1, 2, MyClass(3, 4)) >>> a MyClass(1, 2, MyClass(3, 4)) >>> a.expand(double=True) MyClass(1, 2, MyClass(3, 4, 3, 4), 1, 2, MyClass(3, 4, 3, 4)) >>> a.expand(double=True, deep=False) MyClass(1, 2, MyClass(3, 4), 1, 2, MyClass(3, 4)) >>> b = MyClass(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) >>> b.expand(double=True) MyClass(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) >>> b.expand(double=True, force=True) MyClass(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) See Also ======== expand_log, expand_mul, expand_multinomial, expand_complex, expand_trig, expand_power_base, expand_power_exp, expand_func, hyperexpand """ # don't modify this; modify the Expr.expand method hints['power_base'] = power_base hints['power_exp'] = power_exp hints['mul'] = mul hints['log'] = log hints['multinomial'] = multinomial hints['basic'] = basic return sympify(e).expand(deep=deep, modulus=modulus, **hints) # These are simple wrappers around single hints.
[docs]def expand_mul(expr, deep=True): """ Wrapper around expand that only uses the mul hint. See the expand docstring for more information. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import symbols, expand_mul, exp, log >>> x, y = symbols('x,y', positive=True) >>> expand_mul(exp(x+y)*(x+y)*log(x*y**2)) x*exp(x + y)*log(x*y**2) + y*exp(x + y)*log(x*y**2) """ return sympify(expr).expand(deep=deep, mul=True, power_exp=False,\ power_base=False, basic=False, multinomial=False, log=False)
[docs]def expand_multinomial(expr, deep=True): """ Wrapper around expand that only uses the multinomial hint. See the expand docstring for more information. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import symbols, expand_multinomial, exp >>> x, y = symbols('x y', positive=True) >>> expand_multinomial((x + exp(x + 1))**2) x**2 + 2*x*exp(x + 1) + exp(2*x + 2) """ return sympify(expr).expand(deep=deep, mul=False, power_exp=False,\ power_base=False, basic=False, multinomial=True, log=False)
[docs]def expand_log(expr, deep=True, force=False): """ Wrapper around expand that only uses the log hint. See the expand docstring for more information. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import symbols, expand_log, exp, log >>> x, y = symbols('x,y', positive=True) >>> expand_log(exp(x+y)*(x+y)*log(x*y**2)) (x + y)*(log(x) + 2*log(y))*exp(x + y) """ return sympify(expr).expand(deep=deep, log=True, mul=False, power_exp=False, power_base=False, multinomial=False, basic=False, force=force)
[docs]def expand_func(expr, deep=True): """ Wrapper around expand that only uses the func hint. See the expand docstring for more information. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import expand_func, gamma >>> from sympy.abc import x >>> expand_func(gamma(x + 2)) x*(x + 1)*gamma(x) """ return sympify(expr).expand(deep=deep, func=True, basic=False,\ log=False, mul=False, power_exp=False, power_base=False, multinomial=False)
[docs]def expand_trig(expr, deep=True): """ Wrapper around expand that only uses the trig hint. See the expand docstring for more information. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import expand_trig, sin, cos >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> expand_trig(sin(x+y)*(x+y)) (x + y)*(sin(x)*cos(y) + sin(y)*cos(x)) """ return sympify(expr).expand(deep=deep, trig=True, basic=False,\ log=False, mul=False, power_exp=False, power_base=False, multinomial=False)
[docs]def expand_complex(expr, deep=True): """ Wrapper around expand that only uses the complex hint. See the expand docstring for more information. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import expand_complex, exp, sqrt, I >>> from sympy.abc import z >>> expand_complex(exp(z)) I*exp(re(z))*sin(im(z)) + exp(re(z))*cos(im(z)) >>> expand_complex(sqrt(I)) sqrt(2)/2 + sqrt(2)*I/2 See Also ======== Expr.as_real_imag """ return sympify(expr).expand(deep=deep, complex=True, basic=False,\ log=False, mul=False, power_exp=False, power_base=False, multinomial=False)
[docs]def expand_power_base(expr, deep=True, force=False): """ Wrapper around expand that only uses the power_base hint. See the expand docstring for more information. A wrapper to expand(power_base=True) which separates a power with a base that is a Mul into a product of powers, without performing any other expansions, provided that assumptions about the power's base and exponent allow. deep=False (default is True) will only apply to the top-level expression. force=True (default is False) will cause the expansion to ignore assumptions about the base and exponent. When False, the expansion will only happen if the base is non-negative or the exponent is an integer. >>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z >>> from sympy import expand_power_base, sin, cos, exp >>> (x*y)**2 x**2*y**2 >>> (2*x)**y (2*x)**y >>> expand_power_base(_) 2**y*x**y >>> expand_power_base((x*y)**z) (x*y)**z >>> expand_power_base((x*y)**z, force=True) x**z*y**z >>> expand_power_base(sin((x*y)**z), deep=False) sin((x*y)**z) >>> expand_power_base(sin((x*y)**z), force=True) sin(x**z*y**z) >>> expand_power_base((2*sin(x))**y + (2*cos(x))**y) 2**y*sin(x)**y + 2**y*cos(x)**y >>> expand_power_base((2*exp(y))**x) 2**x*exp(y)**x >>> expand_power_base((2*cos(x))**y) 2**y*cos(x)**y Notice that sums are left untouched. If this is not the desired behavior, apply full expand() to the expression: >>> expand_power_base(((x+y)*z)**2) z**2*(x + y)**2 >>> (((x+y)*z)**2).expand() x**2*z**2 + 2*x*y*z**2 + y**2*z**2 >>> expand_power_base((2*y)**(1+z)) 2**(z + 1)*y**(z + 1) >>> ((2*y)**(1+z)).expand() 2*2**z*y*y**z """ return sympify(expr).expand(deep=deep, log=False, mul=False, power_exp=False, power_base=True, multinomial=False, basic=False, force=force)
[docs]def expand_power_exp(expr, deep=True): """ Wrapper around expand that only uses the power_exp hint. See the expand docstring for more information. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import expand_power_exp >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> expand_power_exp(x**(y + 2)) x**2*x**y """ return sympify(expr).expand(deep=deep, complex=False, basic=False,\ log=False, mul=False, power_exp=True, power_base=False, multinomial=False)
[docs]def count_ops(expr, visual=False): """ Return a representation (integer or expression) of the operations in expr. If visual is False (default) then the sum of the coefficients of the visual expression will be returned. If visual is True` then the number of each type of operation is shown with the core class types (or their virtual equivalent) multiplied by the number of times they occur. If expr is an iterable, the sum of the op counts of the items will be returned. Examples ======== >>> from sympy.abc import a, b, x, y >>> from sympy import sin, count_ops Although there isn't a SUB object, minus signs are interpreted as either negations or subtractions: >>> (x - y).count_ops(visual=True) SUB >>> (-x).count_ops(visual=True) NEG Here, there are two Adds and a Pow: >>> (1 + a + b**2).count_ops(visual=True) 2*ADD + POW In the following, an Add, Mul, Pow and two functions: >>> (sin(x)*x + sin(x)**2).count_ops(visual=True) ADD + MUL + POW + 2*SIN for a total of 5: >>> (sin(x)*x + sin(x)**2).count_ops(visual=False) 5 Note that "what you type" is not always what you get. The expression 1/x/y is translated by sympy into 1/(x*y) so it gives a DIV and MUL rather than two DIVs: >>> (1/x/y).count_ops(visual=True) DIV + MUL The visual option can be used to demonstrate the difference in operations for expressions in different forms. Here, the Horner representation is compared with the expanded form of a polynomial: >>> eq=x*(1 + x*(2 + x*(3 + x))) >>> count_ops(eq.expand(), visual=True) - count_ops(eq, visual=True) -MUL + 3*POW The count_ops function also handles iterables: >>> count_ops([x, sin(x), None, True, x + 2], visual=False) 2 >>> count_ops([x, sin(x), None, True, x + 2], visual=True) ADD + SIN >>> count_ops({x: sin(x), x + 2: y + 1}, visual=True) 2*ADD + SIN """ from sympy.simplify.simplify import fraction expr = sympify(expr) if isinstance(expr, Expr): ops = [] args = [expr] NEG = C.Symbol('NEG') DIV = C.Symbol('DIV') SUB = C.Symbol('SUB') ADD = C.Symbol('ADD') while args: a = args.pop() if a.is_Rational: #-1/3 = NEG + DIV if a is not S.One: if a.p < 0: ops.append(NEG) if a.q != 1: ops.append(DIV) continue elif a.is_Mul: if _coeff_isneg(a): ops.append(NEG) if a.args[0] is S.NegativeOne: a = a.as_two_terms()[1] else: a = -a n, d = fraction(a) if n.is_Integer: ops.append(DIV) if n < 0: ops.append(NEG) args.append(d) continue # won't be -Mul but could be Add elif d is not S.One: if not d.is_Integer: args.append(d) ops.append(DIV) args.append(n) continue # could be -Mul elif a.is_Add: aargs = list(a.args) negs = 0 for i, ai in enumerate(aargs): if _coeff_isneg(ai): negs += 1 args.append(-ai) if i > 0: ops.append(SUB) else: args.append(ai) if i > 0: ops.append(ADD) if negs == len(aargs): # -x - y = NEG + SUB ops.append(NEG) elif _coeff_isneg(aargs[0]): # -x + y = SUB, but already recorded ADD ops.append(SUB - ADD) continue if a.is_Pow and a.exp is S.NegativeOne: ops.append(DIV) args.append(a.base) # won't be -Mul but could be Add continue if (a.is_Mul or a.is_Pow or a.is_Function or isinstance(a, Derivative) or isinstance(a, C.Integral)): o = C.Symbol(a.func.__name__.upper()) # count the args if (a.is_Mul or isinstance(a, C.LatticeOp)): ops.append(o*(len(a.args) - 1)) else: ops.append(o) if not a.is_Symbol: args.extend(a.args) elif type(expr) is dict: ops = [count_ops(k, visual=visual) + count_ops(v, visual=visual) for k, v in expr.items()] elif iterable(expr): ops = [count_ops(i, visual=visual) for i in expr] elif not isinstance(expr, Basic): ops = [] else: # it's Basic not isinstance(expr, Expr): assert isinstance(expr, Basic) ops = [count_ops(a, visual=visual) for a in expr.args] if not ops: if visual: return S.Zero return 0 ops = Add(*ops) if visual: return ops if ops.is_Number: return int(ops) return sum(int((a.args or [1])[0]) for a in Add.make_args(ops))
[docs]def nfloat(expr, n=15, exponent=False): """Make all Rationals in expr Floats except those in exponents (unless the exponents flag is set to True). Examples ======== >>> from sympy.core.function import nfloat >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> from sympy import cos, pi, S, sqrt >>> nfloat(x**4 + x/2 + cos(pi/3) + 1 + sqrt(y)) x**4 + 0.5*x + sqrt(y) + 1.5 >>> nfloat(x**4 + sqrt(y), exponent=True) x**4.0 + y**0.5 """ from sympy.core import Pow if iterable(expr, exclude=str): if isinstance(expr, (dict, Dict)): return type(expr)([(k, nfloat(v, n, exponent)) for k, v in expr.items()]) return type(expr)([nfloat(a, n, exponent) for a in expr]) elif not isinstance(expr, Expr): return Float(expr, '') elif expr.is_Float: return expr.n(n) elif expr.is_Integer: return Float(float(expr)).n(n) elif expr.is_Rational: return Float(expr).n(n) if not exponent: bases = {} expos = {} reps = {} for p in expr.atoms(Pow): b, e = p.as_base_exp() b = bases.setdefault(p.base, nfloat(p.base, n, exponent)) e = expos.setdefault(e, Dummy()) reps[p] = Pow(b, e, evaluate=False) rv = expr.xreplace(dict(reps)).n(n).xreplace( dict([(v, k) for k, v in expos.items()])) else: intex = lambda x: x.is_Pow and x.exp.is_Integer floex = lambda x: Pow(x.base, Float(x.exp, ''), evaluate=False) rv = expr.n(n).replace(intex, floex) funcs = [f for f in rv.atoms(Function)] funcs.sort(key=count_ops) funcs.reverse() return rv.subs([(f, f.func(*[nfloat(a, n, exponent) for a in f.args])) for f in funcs])
from sympy.core.symbol import Dummy