Points#

class sympy.geometry.point.Point(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

A point in a n-dimensional Euclidean space.

Parameters:

coords : sequence of n-coordinate values. In the special

case where n=2 or 3, a Point2D or Point3D will be created as appropriate.

evaluate : if \(True\) (default), all floats are turn into

exact types.

dim : number of coordinates the point should have. If coordinates

are unspecified, they are padded with zeros.

on_morph : indicates what should happen when the number of

coordinates of a point need to be changed by adding or removing zeros. Possible values are \('warn'\), \('error'\), or \(ignore\) (default). No warning or error is given when \(*args\) is empty and \(dim\) is given. An error is always raised when trying to remove nonzero coordinates.

Raises:

TypeError : When instantiating with anything but a Point or sequence

ValueError : when instantiating with a sequence with length < 2 or

when trying to reduce dimensions if keyword \(on_morph='error'\) is set.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> Point(1, 2, 3)
Point3D(1, 2, 3)
>>> Point([1, 2])
Point2D(1, 2)
>>> Point(0, x)
Point2D(0, x)
>>> Point(dim=4)
Point(0, 0, 0, 0)

Floats are automatically converted to Rational unless the evaluate flag is False:

>>> Point(0.5, 0.25)
Point2D(1/2, 1/4)
>>> Point(0.5, 0.25, evaluate=False)
Point2D(0.5, 0.25)

See also

sympy.geometry.line.Segment

Connects two Points

Attributes

length

origin: A \(Point\) representing the origin of the

appropriately-dimensioned space.
static affine_rank(*args)[source]#

The affine rank of a set of points is the dimension of the smallest affine space containing all the points. For example, if the points lie on a line (and are not all the same) their affine rank is 1. If the points lie on a plane but not a line, their affine rank is 2. By convention, the empty set has affine rank -1.

property ambient_dimension#

Number of components this point has.

classmethod are_coplanar(*points)[source]#

Return True if there exists a plane in which all the points lie. A trivial True value is returned if \(len(points) < 3\) or all Points are 2-dimensional.

Parameters:

A set of points

Returns:

boolean

Raises:

ValueError : if less than 3 unique points are given

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> p1 = Point3D(1, 2, 2)
>>> p2 = Point3D(2, 7, 2)
>>> p3 = Point3D(0, 0, 2)
>>> p4 = Point3D(1, 1, 2)
>>> Point3D.are_coplanar(p1, p2, p3, p4)
True
>>> p5 = Point3D(0, 1, 3)
>>> Point3D.are_coplanar(p1, p2, p3, p5)
False
canberra_distance(p)[source]#

The Canberra Distance from self to point p.

Returns the weighted sum of horizontal and vertical distances to point p.

Parameters:

p : Point

Returns:

canberra_distance : The weighted sum of horizontal and vertical

distances to point p. The weight used is the sum of absolute values

of the coordinates.

Raises:

ValueError when both vectors are zero.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point
>>> p1, p2 = Point(1, 1), Point(3, 3)
>>> p1.canberra_distance(p2)
1
>>> p1, p2 = Point(0, 0), Point(3, 3)
>>> p1.canberra_distance(p2)
2

See also

sympy.geometry.point.Point.distance

distance(other)[source]#

The Euclidean distance between self and another GeometricEntity.

Returns:

distance : number or symbolic expression.

Raises:

TypeError : if other is not recognized as a GeometricEntity or is a

GeometricEntity for which distance is not defined.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point, Line
>>> p1, p2 = Point(1, 1), Point(4, 5)
>>> l = Line((3, 1), (2, 2))
>>> p1.distance(p2)
5
>>> p1.distance(l)
sqrt(2)

The computed distance may be symbolic, too:

>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> p3 = Point(x, y)
>>> p3.distance((0, 0))
sqrt(x**2 + y**2)

See also

sympy.geometry.line.Segment.length, sympy.geometry.point.Point.taxicab_distance

dot(p)[source]#

Return dot product of self with another Point.

equals(other)[source]#

Returns whether the coordinates of self and other agree.

intersection(other)[source]#

The intersection between this point and another GeometryEntity.

Parameters:

other : GeometryEntity or sequence of coordinates

Returns:

intersection : list of Points

Notes

The return value will either be an empty list if there is no intersection, otherwise it will contain this point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point
>>> p1, p2, p3 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1), Point(0, 0)
>>> p1.intersection(p2)
[]
>>> p1.intersection(p3)
[Point2D(0, 0)]
is_collinear(*args)[source]#

Returns \(True\) if there exists a line that contains \(self\) and \(points\). Returns \(False\) otherwise. A trivially True value is returned if no points are given.

Parameters:

args : sequence of Points

Returns:

is_collinear : boolean

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> p1, p2 = Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)
>>> p3, p4, p5 = Point(2, 2), Point(x, x), Point(1, 2)
>>> Point.is_collinear(p1, p2, p3, p4)
True
>>> Point.is_collinear(p1, p2, p3, p5)
False

See also

sympy.geometry.line.Line

is_concyclic(*args)[source]#

Do \(self\) and the given sequence of points lie in a circle?

Returns True if the set of points are concyclic and False otherwise. A trivial value of True is returned if there are fewer than 2 other points.

Parameters:

args : sequence of Points

Returns:

is_concyclic : boolean

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point

Define 4 points that are on the unit circle:

>>> p1, p2, p3, p4 = Point(1, 0), (0, 1), (-1, 0), (0, -1)

>>> p1.is_concyclic() == p1.is_concyclic(p2, p3, p4) == True
True

Define a point not on that circle:

>>> p = Point(1, 1)

>>> p.is_concyclic(p1, p2, p3)
False
property is_nonzero#

True if any coordinate is nonzero, False if every coordinate is zero, and None if it cannot be determined.

is_scalar_multiple(p)[source]#

Returns whether each coordinate of \(self\) is a scalar multiple of the corresponding coordinate in point p.

property is_zero#

True if every coordinate is zero, False if any coordinate is not zero, and None if it cannot be determined.

property length#

Treating a Point as a Line, this returns 0 for the length of a Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point
>>> p = Point(0, 1)
>>> p.length
0
midpoint(p)[source]#

The midpoint between self and point p.

Parameters:

p : Point

Returns:

midpoint : Point

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point
>>> p1, p2 = Point(1, 1), Point(13, 5)
>>> p1.midpoint(p2)
Point2D(7, 3)

See also

sympy.geometry.line.Segment.midpoint

property origin#

A point of all zeros of the same ambient dimension as the current point

property orthogonal_direction#

Returns a non-zero point that is orthogonal to the line containing \(self\) and the origin.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Line, Point
>>> a = Point(1, 2, 3)
>>> a.orthogonal_direction
Point3D(-2, 1, 0)
>>> b = _
>>> Line(b, b.origin).is_perpendicular(Line(a, a.origin))
True
static project(a, b)[source]#

Project the point \(a\) onto the line between the origin and point \(b\) along the normal direction.

Parameters:

a : Point

b : Point

Returns:

p : Point

Examples

>>> from sympy import Line, Point
>>> a = Point(1, 2)
>>> b = Point(2, 5)
>>> z = a.origin
>>> p = Point.project(a, b)
>>> Line(p, a).is_perpendicular(Line(p, b))
True
>>> Point.is_collinear(z, p, b)
True

See also

sympy.geometry.line.LinearEntity.projection

taxicab_distance(p)[source]#

The Taxicab Distance from self to point p.

Returns the sum of the horizontal and vertical distances to point p.

Parameters:

p : Point

Returns:

taxicab_distance : The sum of the horizontal

and vertical distances to point p.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point
>>> p1, p2 = Point(1, 1), Point(4, 5)
>>> p1.taxicab_distance(p2)
7

See also

sympy.geometry.point.Point.distance

property unit#

Return the Point that is in the same direction as \(self\) and a distance of 1 from the origin

class sympy.geometry.point.Point2D(*args, _nocheck=False, **kwargs)[source]#

A point in a 2-dimensional Euclidean space.

Parameters:

coords

A sequence of 2 coordinate values.

Raises:

TypeError

When trying to add or subtract points with different dimensions. When trying to create a point with more than two dimensions. When \(intersection\) is called with object other than a Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point2D
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> Point2D(1, 2)
Point2D(1, 2)
>>> Point2D([1, 2])
Point2D(1, 2)
>>> Point2D(0, x)
Point2D(0, x)

Floats are automatically converted to Rational unless the evaluate flag is False:

>>> Point2D(0.5, 0.25)
Point2D(1/2, 1/4)
>>> Point2D(0.5, 0.25, evaluate=False)
Point2D(0.5, 0.25)

See also

sympy.geometry.line.Segment

Connects two Points

Attributes

x

y

length
property bounds#

Return a tuple (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax) representing the bounding rectangle for the geometric figure.

property coordinates#

Returns the two coordinates of the Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point2D
>>> p = Point2D(0, 1)
>>> p.coordinates
(0, 1)
rotate(angle, pt=None)[source]#

Rotate angle radians counterclockwise about Point pt.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point2D, pi
>>> t = Point2D(1, 0)
>>> t.rotate(pi/2)
Point2D(0, 1)
>>> t.rotate(pi/2, (2, 0))
Point2D(2, -1)

See also

translate, scale

scale(x=1, y=1, pt=None)[source]#

Scale the coordinates of the Point by multiplying by x and y after subtracting pt – default is (0, 0) – and then adding pt back again (i.e. pt is the point of reference for the scaling).

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point2D
>>> t = Point2D(1, 1)
>>> t.scale(2)
Point2D(2, 1)
>>> t.scale(2, 2)
Point2D(2, 2)

See also

rotate, translate

transform(matrix)[source]#

Return the point after applying the transformation described by the 3x3 Matrix, matrix.

See also

sympy.geometry.point.Point2D.rotate, sympy.geometry.point.Point2D.scale, sympy.geometry.point.Point2D.translate

translate(x=0, y=0)[source]#

Shift the Point by adding x and y to the coordinates of the Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point2D
>>> t = Point2D(0, 1)
>>> t.translate(2)
Point2D(2, 1)
>>> t.translate(2, 2)
Point2D(2, 3)
>>> t + Point2D(2, 2)
Point2D(2, 3)

See also

sympy.geometry.point.Point2D.rotate, scale

property x#

Returns the X coordinate of the Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point2D
>>> p = Point2D(0, 1)
>>> p.x
0
property y#

Returns the Y coordinate of the Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point2D
>>> p = Point2D(0, 1)
>>> p.y
1
class sympy.geometry.point.Point3D(*args, _nocheck=False, **kwargs)[source]#

A point in a 3-dimensional Euclidean space.

Parameters:

coords

A sequence of 3 coordinate values.

Raises:

TypeError

When trying to add or subtract points with different dimensions. When \(intersection\) is called with object other than a Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> Point3D(1, 2, 3)
Point3D(1, 2, 3)
>>> Point3D([1, 2, 3])
Point3D(1, 2, 3)
>>> Point3D(0, x, 3)
Point3D(0, x, 3)

Floats are automatically converted to Rational unless the evaluate flag is False:

>>> Point3D(0.5, 0.25, 2)
Point3D(1/2, 1/4, 2)
>>> Point3D(0.5, 0.25, 3, evaluate=False)
Point3D(0.5, 0.25, 3)

Attributes

x

y

z

length
static are_collinear(*points)[source]#

Is a sequence of points collinear?

Test whether or not a set of points are collinear. Returns True if the set of points are collinear, or False otherwise.

Parameters:

points : sequence of Point

Returns:

are_collinear : boolean

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> p1, p2 = Point3D(0, 0, 0), Point3D(1, 1, 1)
>>> p3, p4, p5 = Point3D(2, 2, 2), Point3D(x, x, x), Point3D(1, 2, 6)
>>> Point3D.are_collinear(p1, p2, p3, p4)
True
>>> Point3D.are_collinear(p1, p2, p3, p5)
False

See also

sympy.geometry.line.Line3D

property coordinates#

Returns the three coordinates of the Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> p = Point3D(0, 1, 2)
>>> p.coordinates
(0, 1, 2)
direction_cosine(point)[source]#

Gives the direction cosine between 2 points

Parameters:

p : Point3D

Returns:

list

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> p1 = Point3D(1, 2, 3)
>>> p1.direction_cosine(Point3D(2, 3, 5))
[sqrt(6)/6, sqrt(6)/6, sqrt(6)/3]
direction_ratio(point)[source]#

Gives the direction ratio between 2 points

Parameters:

p : Point3D

Returns:

list

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> p1 = Point3D(1, 2, 3)
>>> p1.direction_ratio(Point3D(2, 3, 5))
[1, 1, 2]
intersection(other)[source]#

The intersection between this point and another GeometryEntity.

Parameters:

other : GeometryEntity or sequence of coordinates

Returns:

intersection : list of Points

Notes

The return value will either be an empty list if there is no intersection, otherwise it will contain this point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> p1, p2, p3 = Point3D(0, 0, 0), Point3D(1, 1, 1), Point3D(0, 0, 0)
>>> p1.intersection(p2)
[]
>>> p1.intersection(p3)
[Point3D(0, 0, 0)]
scale(x=1, y=1, z=1, pt=None)[source]#

Scale the coordinates of the Point by multiplying by x and y after subtracting pt – default is (0, 0) – and then adding pt back again (i.e. pt is the point of reference for the scaling).

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> t = Point3D(1, 1, 1)
>>> t.scale(2)
Point3D(2, 1, 1)
>>> t.scale(2, 2)
Point3D(2, 2, 1)

See also

translate

transform(matrix)[source]#

Return the point after applying the transformation described by the 4x4 Matrix, matrix.

See also

sympy.geometry.point.Point3D.scale, sympy.geometry.point.Point3D.translate

translate(x=0, y=0, z=0)[source]#

Shift the Point by adding x and y to the coordinates of the Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> t = Point3D(0, 1, 1)
>>> t.translate(2)
Point3D(2, 1, 1)
>>> t.translate(2, 2)
Point3D(2, 3, 1)
>>> t + Point3D(2, 2, 2)
Point3D(2, 3, 3)

See also

scale

property x#

Returns the X coordinate of the Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> p = Point3D(0, 1, 3)
>>> p.x
0
property y#

Returns the Y coordinate of the Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> p = Point3D(0, 1, 2)
>>> p.y
1
property z#

Returns the Z coordinate of the Point.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Point3D
>>> p = Point3D(0, 1, 1)
>>> p.z
1