/

# Source code for sympy.core.relational

from __future__ import print_function, division

from .basic import S
from .expr import Expr
from .evalf import EvalfMixin
from .symbol import Symbol
from .sympify import _sympify

from sympy.logic.boolalg import Boolean

__all__ = (
'Rel', 'Eq', 'Ne', 'Lt', 'Le', 'Gt', 'Ge',
'Relational', 'Equality', 'Unequality', 'StrictLessThan', 'LessThan',
'StrictGreaterThan', 'GreaterThan',
)

[docs]def Rel(a, b, op): """ A handy wrapper around the Relational class. Rel(a,b, op) Examples ======== >>> from sympy import Rel >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> Rel(y, x+x**2, '==') y == x**2 + x """ return Relational(a, b, op)
[docs]def Eq(a, b=0): """ A handy wrapper around the Relational class. Eq(a,b) Examples ======== >>> from sympy import Eq >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> Eq(y, x+x**2) y == x**2 + x """ return Relational(a, b, '==')
[docs]def Ne(a, b): """ A handy wrapper around the Relational class. Ne(a,b) Examples ======== >>> from sympy import Ne >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> Ne(y, x+x**2) y != x**2 + x """ return Relational(a, b, '!=')
[docs]def Lt(a, b): """ A handy wrapper around the Relational class. Lt(a,b) Examples ======== >>> from sympy import Lt >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> Lt(y, x+x**2) y < x**2 + x """ return Relational(a, b, '<')
[docs]def Le(a, b): """ A handy wrapper around the Relational class. Le(a,b) Examples ======== >>> from sympy import Le >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> Le(y, x+x**2) y <= x**2 + x """ return Relational(a, b, '<=')
[docs]def Gt(a, b): """ A handy wrapper around the Relational class. Gt(a,b) Examples ======== >>> from sympy import Gt >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> Gt(y, x + x**2) y > x**2 + x """ return Relational(a, b, '>')
[docs]def Ge(a, b): """ A handy wrapper around the Relational class. Ge(a,b) Examples ======== >>> from sympy import Ge >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> Ge(y, x + x**2) y >= x**2 + x """ return Relational(a, b, '>=') # Note, see issue 1887. Ideally, we wouldn't want to subclass both Boolean # and Expr.
class Relational(Boolean, Expr, EvalfMixin): __slots__ = [] is_Relational = True # ValidRelationOperator - Defined below, because the necessary classes # have not yet been defined def __new__(cls, lhs, rhs, rop=None, **assumptions): lhs = _sympify(lhs) rhs = _sympify(rhs) if cls is not Relational: rop_cls = cls else: try: rop_cls = cls.ValidRelationOperator[ rop ] except KeyError: msg = "Invalid relational operator symbol: '%r'" raise ValueError(msg % repr(rop)) diff = S.NaN if isinstance(lhs, Expr) and isinstance(rhs, Expr): diff = lhs - rhs if not (diff is S.NaN or diff.has(Symbol)): know = diff.equals(0, failing_expression=True) if know is True: # exclude failing expression case diff = S.Zero elif know is False: diff = diff.n() if rop_cls is Equality: if (lhs == rhs) is True or (diff == S.Zero) is True: return True elif diff is S.NaN: pass elif diff.is_Number or diff.is_Float: return False elif lhs.is_real is not rhs.is_real and \ lhs.is_real is not None and \ rhs.is_real is not None: return False elif rop_cls is Unequality: if (lhs == rhs) is True or (diff == S.Zero) is True: return False elif diff is S.NaN: pass elif diff.is_Number or diff.is_Float: return True elif lhs.is_real is not rhs.is_real and \ lhs.is_real is not None and \ rhs.is_real is not None: return True elif diff.is_Number and diff.is_real: return rop_cls._eval_relation(diff, S.Zero) obj = Expr.__new__(rop_cls, lhs, rhs, **assumptions) return obj @property def lhs(self): return self._args[0] @property def rhs(self): return self._args[1] def _eval_evalf(self, prec): return self.func(*[s._evalf(prec) for s in self.args]) def doit(self, **hints): lhs = self.lhs rhs = self.rhs if hints.get('deep', True): lhs = lhs.doit(**hints) rhs = rhs.doit(**hints) return self._eval_relation_doit(lhs, rhs) @classmethod def _eval_relation_doit(cls, lhs, rhs): return cls._eval_relation(lhs, rhs) def _eval_simplify(self, ratio, measure): return self.__class__(self.lhs.simplify(ratio=ratio), self.rhs.simplify(ratio=ratio)) def __nonzero__(self): raise TypeError("symbolic boolean expression has no truth value.") __bool__ = __nonzero__
[docs]class Equality(Relational): rel_op = '==' __slots__ = [] is_Equality = True @classmethod def _eval_relation(cls, lhs, rhs): return lhs == rhs @classmethod def _eval_relation_doit(cls, lhs, rhs): return Eq(lhs, rhs)
[docs]class Unequality(Relational): rel_op = '!=' __slots__ = [] @classmethod def _eval_relation(cls, lhs, rhs): return lhs != rhs @classmethod def _eval_relation_doit(cls, lhs, rhs): return Ne(lhs, rhs)
class _Greater(Relational): """Not intended for general use _Greater is only used so that GreaterThan and StrictGreaterThan may subclass it for the .gts and .lts properties. """ __slots__ = () @property def gts(self): return self._args[0] @property def lts(self): return self._args[1] class _Less(Relational): """Not intended for general use. _Less is only used so that LessThan and StrictLessThan may subclass it for the .gts and .lts properties. """ __slots__ = () @property def gts(self): return self._args[1] @property def lts(self): return self._args[0]
[docs]class GreaterThan(_Greater): """Class representations of inequalities. Extended Summary ================ The *Than classes represent inequal relationships, where the left-hand side is generally bigger or smaller than the right-hand side. For example, the GreaterThan class represents an inequal relationship where the left-hand side is at least as big as the right side, if not bigger. In mathematical notation: lhs >= rhs In total, there are four *Than classes, to represent the four inequalities: +-----------------+--------+ |Class Name | Symbol | +=================+========+ |GreaterThan | (>=) | +-----------------+--------+ |LessThan | (<=) | +-----------------+--------+ |StrictGreaterThan| (>) | +-----------------+--------+ |StrictLessThan | (<) | +-----------------+--------+ All classes take two arguments, lhs and rhs. +----------------------------+-----------------+ |Signature Example | Math equivalent | +============================+=================+ |GreaterThan(lhs, rhs) | lhs >= rhs | +----------------------------+-----------------+ |LessThan(lhs, rhs) | lhs <= rhs | +----------------------------+-----------------+ |StrictGreaterThan(lhs, rhs) | lhs > rhs | +----------------------------+-----------------+ |StrictLessThan(lhs, rhs) | lhs < rhs | +----------------------------+-----------------+ In addition to the normal .lhs and .rhs of Relations, *Than inequality objects also have the .lts and .gts properties, which represent the "less than side" and "greater than side" of the operator. Use of .lts and .gts in an algorithm rather than .lhs and .rhs as an assumption of inequality direction will make more explicit the intent of a certain section of code, and will make it similarly more robust to client code changes: >>> from sympy import GreaterThan, StrictGreaterThan >>> from sympy import LessThan, StrictLessThan >>> from sympy import And, Ge, Gt, Le, Lt, Rel, S >>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z >>> from sympy.core.relational import Relational >>> e = GreaterThan(x, 1) >>> e x >= 1 >>> '%s >= %s is the same as %s <= %s' % (e.gts, e.lts, e.lts, e.gts) 'x >= 1 is the same as 1 <= x' Examples ======== One generally does not instantiate these classes directly, but uses various convenience methods: >>> e1 = Ge( x, 2 ) # Ge is a convenience wrapper >>> print(e1) x >= 2 >>> rels = Ge( x, 2 ), Gt( x, 2 ), Le( x, 2 ), Lt( x, 2 ) >>> print('%s\\n%s\\n%s\\n%s' % rels) x >= 2 x > 2 x <= 2 x < 2 Another option is to use the Python inequality operators (>=, >, <=, <) directly. Their main advantage over the Ge, Gt, Le, and Lt counterparts, is that one can write a more "mathematical looking" statement rather than littering the math with oddball function calls. However there are certain (minor) caveats of which to be aware (search for 'gotcha', below). >>> e2 = x >= 2 >>> print(e2) x >= 2 >>> print("e1: %s, e2: %s" % (e1, e2)) e1: x >= 2, e2: x >= 2 >>> e1 == e2 True However, it is also perfectly valid to instantiate a *Than class less succinctly and less conveniently: >>> rels = Rel(x, 1, '>='), Relational(x, 1, '>='), GreaterThan(x, 1) >>> print('%s\\n%s\\n%s' % rels) x >= 1 x >= 1 x >= 1 >>> rels = Rel(x, 1, '>'), Relational(x, 1, '>'), StrictGreaterThan(x, 1) >>> print('%s\\n%s\\n%s' % rels) x > 1 x > 1 x > 1 >>> rels = Rel(x, 1, '<='), Relational(x, 1, '<='), LessThan(x, 1) >>> print("%s\\n%s\\n%s" % rels) x <= 1 x <= 1 x <= 1 >>> rels = Rel(x, 1, '<'), Relational(x, 1, '<'), StrictLessThan(x, 1) >>> print('%s\\n%s\\n%s' % rels) x < 1 x < 1 x < 1 Notes ===== There are a couple of "gotchas" when using Python's operators. The first enters the mix when comparing against a literal number as the lhs argument. Due to the order that Python decides to parse a statement, it may not immediately find two objects comparable. For example, to evaluate the statement (1 < x), Python will first recognize the number 1 as a native number, and then that x is *not* a native number. At this point, because a native Python number does not know how to compare itself with a SymPy object Python will try the reflective operation, (x > 1). Unfortunately, there is no way available to SymPy to recognize this has happened, so the statement (1 < x) will turn silently into (x > 1). >>> e1 = x > 1 >>> e2 = x >= 1 >>> e3 = x < 1 >>> e4 = x <= 1 >>> e5 = 1 > x >>> e6 = 1 >= x >>> e7 = 1 < x >>> e8 = 1 <= x >>> print("%s %s\\n"*4 % (e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7, e8)) x > 1 x >= 1 x < 1 x <= 1 x < 1 x <= 1 x > 1 x >= 1 If the order of the statement is important (for visual output to the console, perhaps), one can work around this annoyance in a couple ways: (1) "sympify" the literal before comparison, (2) use one of the wrappers, or (3) use the less succinct methods described above: >>> e1 = S(1) > x >>> e2 = S(1) >= x >>> e3 = S(1) < x >>> e4 = S(1) <= x >>> e5 = Gt(1, x) >>> e6 = Ge(1, x) >>> e7 = Lt(1, x) >>> e8 = Le(1, x) >>> print("%s %s\\n"*4 % (e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7, e8)) 1 > x 1 >= x 1 < x 1 <= x 1 > x 1 >= x 1 < x 1 <= x The other gotcha is with chained inequalities. Occasionally, one may be tempted to write statements like: >>> e = x < y < z Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: symbolic boolean expression has no truth value. Due to an implementation detail or decision of Python [1]_, there is no way for SymPy to reliably create that as a chained inequality. To create a chained inequality, the only method currently available is to make use of And: >>> e = And(x < y, y < z) >>> type( e ) And >>> e And(x < y, y < z) Note that this is different than chaining an equality directly via use of parenthesis (this is currently an open bug in SymPy [2]_): >>> e = (x < y) < z >>> type( e ) <class 'sympy.core.relational.StrictLessThan'> >>> e (x < y) < z Any code that explicitly relies on this latter functionality will not be robust as this behaviour is completely wrong and will be corrected at some point. For the time being (circa Jan 2012), use And to create chained inequalities. .. [1] This implementation detail is that Python provides no reliable method to determine that a chained inequality is being built. Chained comparison operators are evaluated pairwise, using "and" logic (see http://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html#notin). This is done in an efficient way, so that each object being compared is only evaluated once and the comparison can short-circuit. For example, 1 > 2 > 3 is evaluated by Python as (1 > 2) and (2 > 3). The and operator coerces each side into a bool, returning the object itself when it short-circuits. The bool of the --Than operators will raise TypeError on purpose, because SymPy cannot determine the mathematical ordering of symbolic expressions. Thus, if we were to compute x > y > z, with x, y, and z being Symbols, Python converts the statement (roughly) into these steps: (1) x > y > z (2) (x > y) and (y > z) (3) (GreaterThanObject) and (y > z) (4) (GreaterThanObject.__nonzero__()) and (y > z) (5) TypeError Because of the "and" added at step 2, the statement gets turned into a weak ternary statement, and the first object's __nonzero__ method will raise TypeError. Thus, creating a chained inequality is not possible. In Python, there is no way to override the and operator, or to control how it short circuits, so it is impossible to make something like x > y > z work. There is an open PEP to change this, :pep:335, but until that is implemented, this cannot be made to work. .. [2] For more information, see these two bug reports: "Separate boolean and symbolic relationals" Issue 1887 <http://code.google.com/p/sympy/issues/detail?id=1887>_ "It right 0 < x < 1 ?" Issue 2960 <http://code.google.com/p/sympy/issues/detail?id=2960>_ """ rel_op = '>=' __slots__ = () @classmethod def _eval_relation(cls, lhs, rhs): return lhs >= rhs
[docs]class LessThan(_Less): __doc__ = GreaterThan.__doc__ __slots__ = () rel_op = '<=' @classmethod def _eval_relation(cls, lhs, rhs): return lhs <= rhs
[docs]class StrictGreaterThan(_Greater): __doc__ = GreaterThan.__doc__ __slots__ = () rel_op = '>' @classmethod def _eval_relation(cls, lhs, rhs): return lhs > rhs
[docs]class StrictLessThan(_Less): __doc__ = GreaterThan.__doc__ __slots__ = () rel_op = '<' @classmethod def _eval_relation(cls, lhs, rhs): return lhs < rhs # A class-specific (not object-specific) data item used for a minor speedup. It # is defined here, rather than directly in the class, because the classes that # it references have not been defined until now (e.g. StrictLessThan).
Relational.ValidRelationOperator = { None: Equality, '==': Equality, 'eq': Equality, '!=': Unequality, '<>': Unequality, 'ne': Unequality, '>=': GreaterThan, 'ge': GreaterThan, '<=': LessThan, 'le': LessThan, '>': StrictGreaterThan, 'gt': StrictGreaterThan, '<': StrictLessThan, 'lt': StrictLessThan, }