/

# Source code for sympy.polys.rationaltools

"""Tools for manipulation of rational expressions. """

from __future__ import print_function, division

from sympy.core import Basic, Add, sympify
from sympy.core.compatibility import iterable
from sympy.core.exprtools import gcd_terms
from sympy.utilities import public

@public
[docs]def together(expr, deep=False): """ Denest and combine rational expressions using symbolic methods. This function takes an expression or a container of expressions and puts it (them) together by denesting and combining rational subexpressions. No heroic measures are taken to minimize degree of the resulting numerator and denominator. To obtain completely reduced expression use :func:cancel. However, :func:together can preserve as much as possible of the structure of the input expression in the output (no expansion is performed). A wide variety of objects can be put together including lists, tuples, sets, relational objects, integrals and others. It is also possible to transform interior of function applications, by setting deep flag to True. By definition, :func:together is a complement to :func:apart, so apart(together(expr)) should return expr unchanged. Note however, that :func:together uses only symbolic methods, so it might be necessary to use :func:cancel to perform algebraic simplification and minimise degree of the numerator and denominator. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import together, exp >>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z >>> together(1/x + 1/y) (x + y)/(x*y) >>> together(1/x + 1/y + 1/z) (x*y + x*z + y*z)/(x*y*z) >>> together(1/(x*y) + 1/y**2) (x + y)/(x*y**2) >>> together(1/(1 + 1/x) + 1/(1 + 1/y)) (x*(y + 1) + y*(x + 1))/((x + 1)*(y + 1)) >>> together(exp(1/x + 1/y)) exp(1/y + 1/x) >>> together(exp(1/x + 1/y), deep=True) exp((x + y)/(x*y)) >>> together(1/exp(x) + 1/(x*exp(x))) (x + 1)*exp(-x)/x >>> together(1/exp(2*x) + 1/(x*exp(3*x))) (x*exp(x) + 1)*exp(-3*x)/x """ def _together(expr): if isinstance(expr, Basic): if expr.is_Atom or (expr.is_Function and not deep): return expr elif expr.is_Add: return gcd_terms(list(map(_together, Add.make_args(expr)))) elif expr.is_Pow: base = _together(expr.base) if deep: exp = _together(expr.exp) else: exp = expr.exp return expr.__class__(base, exp) else: return expr.__class__(*[ _together(arg) for arg in expr.args ]) elif iterable(expr): return expr.__class__([ _together(ex) for ex in expr ]) return expr return _together(sympify(expr))