# Beam (Docstrings)¶

## Beam¶

This module can be used to solve 2D beam bending problems with singularity functions in mechanics.

class sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam.Beam(length, elastic_modulus, second_moment, area=A, variable=x, base_char='C')[source]

A Beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting against bending. Beams are characterized by their cross sectional profile(Second moment of area), their length and their material.

Note

While solving a beam bending problem, a user should choose its own sign convention and should stick to it. The results will automatically follow the chosen sign convention. However, the chosen sign convention must respect the rule that, on the positive side of beam’s axis (in respect to current section), a loading force giving positive shear yields a negative moment, as below (the curved arrow shows the positive moment and rotation):

Examples

There is a beam of length 4 meters. A constant distributed load of 6 N/m is applied from half of the beam till the end. There are two simple supports below the beam, one at the starting point and another at the ending point of the beam. The deflection of the beam at the end is restricted.

Using the sign convention of downwards forces being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols, Piecewise
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(4, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(6, 2, 0)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 4, -1)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, 0), (4, 0)]
>>> b.boundary_conditions
{'deflection': [(0, 0), (4, 0)], 'slope': []}
R1*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -1) + R2*SingularityFunction(x, 4, -1) + 6*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 0)
-3*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -1) + 6*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 0) - 9*SingularityFunction(x, 4, -1)
>>> b.shear_force()
3*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 0) - 6*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 1) + 9*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 0)
>>> b.bending_moment()
3*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 1) - 3*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 2) + 9*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 1)
>>> b.slope()
(-3*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 2)/2 + SingularityFunction(x, 2, 3) - 9*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 2)/2 + 7)/(E*I)
>>> b.deflection()
(7*x - SingularityFunction(x, 0, 3)/2 + SingularityFunction(x, 2, 4)/4 - 3*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 3)/2)/(E*I)
>>> b.deflection().rewrite(Piecewise)
(7*x - Piecewise((x**3, x > 0), (0, True))/2
- 3*Piecewise(((x - 4)**3, x - 4 > 0), (0, True))/2
+ Piecewise(((x - 2)**4, x - 2 > 0), (0, True))/4)/(E*I)

property applied_loads

Returns a list of all loads applied on the beam object. Each load in the list is a tuple of form (value, start, order, end).

Examples

There is a beam of length 4 meters. A moment of magnitude 3 Nm is applied in the clockwise direction at the starting point of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 4 N is applied from the top of the beam at 2 meters from the starting point. Another pointload of magnitude 5 N is applied at same position.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> b = Beam(4, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(-3, 0, -2)
>>> b.apply_load(4, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(5, 2, -1)
-3*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -2) + 9*SingularityFunction(x, 2, -1)
[(-3, 0, -2, None), (4, 2, -1, None), (5, 2, -1, None)]

apply_load(value, start, order, end=None)[source]

This method adds up the loads given to a particular beam object.

Parameters

value : Sympifyable

The value inserted should have the units [Force/(Distance**(n+1)] where n is the order of applied load. Units for applied loads:

• For moments, unit = kN*m

• For point loads, unit = kN

• For constant distributed load, unit = kN/m

• For ramp loads, unit = kN/m/m

• For parabolic ramp loads, unit = kN/m/m/m

• … so on.

start : Sympifyable

The starting point of the applied load. For point moments and point forces this is the location of application.

order : Integer

The order of the applied load.

• For moments, order = -2

• For point loads, order =-1

• For constant distributed load, order = 0

• For ramp loads, order = 1

• For parabolic ramp loads, order = 2

• … so on.

end : Sympifyable, optional

An optional argument that can be used if the load has an end point within the length of the beam.

Examples

There is a beam of length 4 meters. A moment of magnitude 3 Nm is applied in the clockwise direction at the starting point of the beam. A point load of magnitude 4 N is applied from the top of the beam at 2 meters from the starting point and a parabolic ramp load of magnitude 2 N/m is applied below the beam starting from 2 meters to 3 meters away from the starting point of the beam.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> b = Beam(4, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(-3, 0, -2)
>>> b.apply_load(4, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(-2, 2, 2, end=3)
-3*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -2) + 4*SingularityFunction(x, 2, -1) - 2*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 2) + 2*SingularityFunction(x, 3, 0) + 4*SingularityFunction(x, 3, 1) + 2*SingularityFunction(x, 3, 2)

apply_support(loc, type='fixed')[source]

This method applies support to a particular beam object.

Parameters

loc : Sympifyable

Location of point at which support is applied.

type : String

Determines type of Beam support applied. To apply support structure with - zero degree of freedom, type = “fixed” - one degree of freedom, type = “pin” - two degrees of freedom, type = “roller”

Examples

There is a beam of length 30 meters. A moment of magnitude 120 Nm is applied in the clockwise direction at the end of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 8 N is applied from the top of the beam at the starting point. There are two simple supports below the beam. One at the end and another one at a distance of 10 meters from the start. The deflection is restricted at both the supports.

Using the sign convention of upward forces and clockwise moment being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> b = Beam(30, E, I)
>>> b.apply_support(10, 'roller')
>>> b.apply_support(30, 'roller')
>>> b.apply_load(-8, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(120, 30, -2)
>>> R_10, R_30 = symbols('R_10, R_30')
-8*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -1) + 6*SingularityFunction(x, 10, -1)
+ 120*SingularityFunction(x, 30, -2) + 2*SingularityFunction(x, 30, -1)
>>> b.slope()
(-4*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 2) + 3*SingularityFunction(x, 10, 2)
+ 120*SingularityFunction(x, 30, 1) + SingularityFunction(x, 30, 2) + 4000/3)/(E*I)

property area

Cross-sectional area of the Beam.

bending_moment()[source]

Returns a Singularity Function expression which represents the bending moment curve of the Beam object.

Examples

There is a beam of length 30 meters. A moment of magnitude 120 Nm is applied in the clockwise direction at the end of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 8 N is applied from the top of the beam at the starting point. There are two simple supports below the beam. One at the end and another one at a distance of 10 meters from the start. The deflection is restricted at both the supports.

Using the sign convention of upward forces and clockwise moment being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(30, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(-8, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 10, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 30, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(120, 30, -2)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(10, 0), (30, 0)]
>>> b.bending_moment()
8*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 1) - 6*SingularityFunction(x, 10, 1) - 120*SingularityFunction(x, 30, 0) - 2*SingularityFunction(x, 30, 1)

property boundary_conditions

Returns a dictionary of boundary conditions applied on the beam. The dictionary has three keywords namely moment, slope and deflection. The value of each keyword is a list of tuple, where each tuple contains location and value of a boundary condition in the format (location, value).

Examples

There is a beam of length 4 meters. The bending moment at 0 should be 4 and at 4 it should be 0. The slope of the beam should be 1 at 0. The deflection should be 2 at 0.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> b = Beam(4, E, I)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, 2)]
>>> b.bc_slope = [(0, 1)]
>>> b.boundary_conditions
{'deflection': [(0, 2)], 'slope': [(0, 1)]}


Here the deflection of the beam should be 2 at 0. Similarly, the slope of the beam should be 1 at 0.

property cross_section

Cross-section of the beam

deflection()[source]

Returns a Singularity Function expression which represents the elastic curve or deflection of the Beam object.

Examples

There is a beam of length 30 meters. A moment of magnitude 120 Nm is applied in the clockwise direction at the end of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 8 N is applied from the top of the beam at the starting point. There are two simple supports below the beam. One at the end and another one at a distance of 10 meters from the start. The deflection is restricted at both the supports.

Using the sign convention of upward forces and clockwise moment being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(30, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(-8, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 10, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 30, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(120, 30, -2)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(10, 0), (30, 0)]
>>> b.deflection()
(4000*x/3 - 4*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 3)/3 + SingularityFunction(x, 10, 3)
+ 60*SingularityFunction(x, 30, 2) + SingularityFunction(x, 30, 3)/3 - 12000)/(E*I)

draw(pictorial=True)[source]

Returns a plot object representing the beam diagram of the beam.

Note

The user must be careful while entering load values. The draw function assumes a sign convention which is used for plotting loads. Given a right handed coordinate system with XYZ coordinates, the beam’s length is assumed to be along the positive X axis. The draw function recognizes positve loads(with n>-2) as loads acting along negative Y direction and positve moments acting along positive Z direction.

Parameters

pictorial: Boolean (default=True)

Setting pictorial=True would simply create a pictorial (scaled) view of the beam diagram not with the exact dimensions. Although setting pictorial=False would create a beam diagram with the exact dimensions on the plot

Examples

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> b = Beam(50, 20, 30)
>>> b.apply_load(10, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 10, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 30, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(90, 5, 0, 23)
>>> b.apply_load(10, 30, 1, 50)
>>> b.apply_support(50, "pin")
>>> b.apply_support(0, "fixed")
>>> b.apply_support(20, "roller")
>>> p = b.draw()
>>> p
Plot object containing:
[0]: cartesian line: 25*SingularityFunction(x, 5, 0) - 25*SingularityFunction(x, 23, 0)
+ SingularityFunction(x, 30, 1) - 20*SingularityFunction(x, 50, 0)
- SingularityFunction(x, 50, 1) + 5 for x over (0.0, 50.0)
[1]: cartesian line: 5 for x over (0.0, 50.0)
>>> p.show()


(png, hires.png, pdf)

property elastic_modulus

Young’s Modulus of the Beam.

join(beam, via='fixed')[source]

This method joins two beams to make a new composite beam system. Passed Beam class instance is attached to the right end of calling object. This method can be used to form beams having Discontinuous values of Elastic modulus or Second moment.

Parameters

beam : Beam class object

The Beam object which would be connected to the right of calling object.

via : String

States the way two Beam object would get connected - For axially fixed Beams, via=”fixed” - For Beams connected via hinge, via=”hinge”

Examples

There is a cantilever beam of length 4 meters. For first 2 meters its moment of inertia is $$1.5*I$$ and $$I$$ for the other end. A pointload of magnitude 4 N is applied from the top at its free end.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b1 = Beam(2, E, 1.5*I)
>>> b2 = Beam(2, E, I)
>>> b = b1.join(b2, "fixed")
>>> b.apply_load(20, 4, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 0, -2)
>>> b.bc_slope = [(0, 0)]
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, 0)]
80*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -2) - 20*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -1) + 20*SingularityFunction(x, 4, -1)
>>> b.slope()
(-((-80*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 1) + 10*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 2) - 10*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 2))/I + 120/I)/E + 80.0/(E*I))*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 0)
- 0.666666666666667*(-80*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 1) + 10*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 2) - 10*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 2))*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 0)/(E*I)
+ 0.666666666666667*(-80*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 1) + 10*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 2) - 10*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 2))*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 0)/(E*I)

property length

Length of the Beam.

property load

Returns a Singularity Function expression which represents the load distribution curve of the Beam object.

Examples

There is a beam of length 4 meters. A moment of magnitude 3 Nm is applied in the clockwise direction at the starting point of the beam. A point load of magnitude 4 N is applied from the top of the beam at 2 meters from the starting point and a parabolic ramp load of magnitude 2 N/m is applied below the beam starting from 3 meters away from the starting point of the beam.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> b = Beam(4, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(-3, 0, -2)
>>> b.apply_load(4, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(-2, 3, 2)
-3*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -2) + 4*SingularityFunction(x, 2, -1) - 2*SingularityFunction(x, 3, 2)

max_bmoment()[source]

Returns maximum Shear force and its coordinate in the Beam object.

max_deflection()[source]

Returns point of max deflection and its corresponding deflection value in a Beam object.

max_shear_force()[source]

Returns maximum Shear force and its coordinate in the Beam object.

plot_bending_moment(subs=None)[source]

Returns a plot for Bending moment present in the Beam object.

Parameters

subs : dictionary

Python dictionary containing Symbols as key and their corresponding values.

Examples

There is a beam of length 8 meters. A constant distributed load of 10 KN/m is applied from half of the beam till the end. There are two simple supports below the beam, one at the starting point and another at the ending point of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 5 KN is also applied from top of the beam, at a distance of 4 meters from the starting point. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 400*(10**-6) meter**4.

Using the sign convention of downwards forces being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(8, 200*(10**9), 400*(10**-6))
>>> b.apply_load(5000, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 8, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(10000, 4, 0, end=8)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, 0), (8, 0)]
>>> b.plot_bending_moment()
Plot object containing:
[0]: cartesian line: 13750*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 1) - 5000*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 1)
- 5000*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 2) + 31250*SingularityFunction(x, 8, 1)
+ 5000*SingularityFunction(x, 8, 2) for x over (0.0, 8.0)


(png, hires.png, pdf)

plot_deflection(subs=None)[source]

Returns a plot for deflection curve of the Beam object.

Parameters

subs : dictionary

Python dictionary containing Symbols as key and their corresponding values.

Examples

There is a beam of length 8 meters. A constant distributed load of 10 KN/m is applied from half of the beam till the end. There are two simple supports below the beam, one at the starting point and another at the ending point of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 5 KN is also applied from top of the beam, at a distance of 4 meters from the starting point. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 400*(10**-6) meter**4.

Using the sign convention of downwards forces being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(8, 200*(10**9), 400*(10**-6))
>>> b.apply_load(5000, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 8, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(10000, 4, 0, end=8)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, 0), (8, 0)]
>>> b.plot_deflection()
Plot object containing:
[0]: cartesian line: 0.00138541666666667*x - 2.86458333333333e-5*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 3)
+ 1.04166666666667e-5*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 3) + 5.20833333333333e-6*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 4)
- 6.51041666666667e-5*SingularityFunction(x, 8, 3) - 5.20833333333333e-6*SingularityFunction(x, 8, 4)
for x over (0.0, 8.0)


(png, hires.png, pdf)

plot_loading_results(subs=None)[source]

Returns a subplot of Shear Force, Bending Moment, Slope and Deflection of the Beam object.

Parameters

subs : dictionary

Python dictionary containing Symbols as key and their corresponding values.

Examples

There is a beam of length 8 meters. A constant distributed load of 10 KN/m is applied from half of the beam till the end. There are two simple supports below the beam, one at the starting point and another at the ending point of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 5 KN is also applied from top of the beam, at a distance of 4 meters from the starting point. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 400*(10**-6) meter**4.

Using the sign convention of downwards forces being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(8, 200*(10**9), 400*(10**-6))
>>> b.apply_load(5000, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 8, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(10000, 4, 0, end=8)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, 0), (8, 0)]


(png, hires.png, pdf)

plot_shear_force(subs=None)[source]

Returns a plot for Shear force present in the Beam object.

Parameters

subs : dictionary

Python dictionary containing Symbols as key and their corresponding values.

Examples

There is a beam of length 8 meters. A constant distributed load of 10 KN/m is applied from half of the beam till the end. There are two simple supports below the beam, one at the starting point and another at the ending point of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 5 KN is also applied from top of the beam, at a distance of 4 meters from the starting point. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 400*(10**-6) meter**4.

Using the sign convention of downwards forces being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(8, 200*(10**9), 400*(10**-6))
>>> b.apply_load(5000, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 8, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(10000, 4, 0, end=8)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, 0), (8, 0)]
>>> b.plot_shear_force()
Plot object containing:
[0]: cartesian line: 13750*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 0) - 5000*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 0)
- 10000*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 1) + 31250*SingularityFunction(x, 8, 0)
+ 10000*SingularityFunction(x, 8, 1) for x over (0.0, 8.0)


(png, hires.png, pdf)

plot_slope(subs=None)[source]

Returns a plot for slope of deflection curve of the Beam object.

Parameters

subs : dictionary

Python dictionary containing Symbols as key and their corresponding values.

Examples

There is a beam of length 8 meters. A constant distributed load of 10 KN/m is applied from half of the beam till the end. There are two simple supports below the beam, one at the starting point and another at the ending point of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 5 KN is also applied from top of the beam, at a distance of 4 meters from the starting point. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 400*(10**-6) meter**4.

Using the sign convention of downwards forces being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(8, 200*(10**9), 400*(10**-6))
>>> b.apply_load(5000, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 8, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(10000, 4, 0, end=8)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, 0), (8, 0)]
>>> b.plot_slope()
Plot object containing:
[0]: cartesian line: -8.59375e-5*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 2) + 3.125e-5*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 2)
+ 2.08333333333333e-5*SingularityFunction(x, 4, 3) - 0.0001953125*SingularityFunction(x, 8, 2)
- 2.08333333333333e-5*SingularityFunction(x, 8, 3) + 0.00138541666666667 for x over (0.0, 8.0)


(png, hires.png, pdf)

point_cflexure()[source]

Returns a Set of point(s) with zero bending moment and where bending moment curve of the beam object changes its sign from negative to positive or vice versa.

Examples

There is is 10 meter long overhanging beam. There are two simple supports below the beam. One at the start and another one at a distance of 6 meters from the start. Point loads of magnitude 10KN and 20KN are applied at 2 meters and 4 meters from start respectively. A Uniformly distribute load of magnitude of magnitude 3KN/m is also applied on top starting from 6 meters away from starting point till end. Using the sign convention of upward forces and clockwise moment being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> b = Beam(10, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(-4, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(-46, 6, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(10, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(20, 4, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(3, 6, 0)
>>> b.point_cflexure()
[10/3]

property reaction_loads

Returns the reaction forces in a dictionary.

remove_load(value, start, order, end=None)[source]

This method removes a particular load present on the beam object. Returns a ValueError if the load passed as an argument is not present on the beam.

Parameters

value : Sympifyable

The magnitude of an applied load.

start : Sympifyable

The starting point of the applied load. For point moments and point forces this is the location of application.

order : Integer

The order of the applied load. - For moments, order= -2 - For point loads, order=-1 - For constant distributed load, order=0 - For ramp loads, order=1 - For parabolic ramp loads, order=2 - … so on.

end : Sympifyable, optional

An optional argument that can be used if the load has an end point within the length of the beam.

Examples

There is a beam of length 4 meters. A moment of magnitude 3 Nm is applied in the clockwise direction at the starting point of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 4 N is applied from the top of the beam at 2 meters from the starting point and a parabolic ramp load of magnitude 2 N/m is applied below the beam starting from 2 meters to 3 meters away from the starting point of the beam.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> b = Beam(4, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(-3, 0, -2)
>>> b.apply_load(4, 2, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(-2, 2, 2, end=3)
-3*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -2) + 4*SingularityFunction(x, 2, -1) - 2*SingularityFunction(x, 2, 2) + 2*SingularityFunction(x, 3, 0) + 4*SingularityFunction(x, 3, 1) + 2*SingularityFunction(x, 3, 2)
>>> b.remove_load(-2, 2, 2, end = 3)
-3*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -2) + 4*SingularityFunction(x, 2, -1)

property second_moment

Second moment of area of the Beam.

shear_force()[source]

Returns a Singularity Function expression which represents the shear force curve of the Beam object.

Examples

There is a beam of length 30 meters. A moment of magnitude 120 Nm is applied in the clockwise direction at the end of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 8 N is applied from the top of the beam at the starting point. There are two simple supports below the beam. One at the end and another one at a distance of 10 meters from the start. The deflection is restricted at both the supports.

Using the sign convention of upward forces and clockwise moment being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(30, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(-8, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 10, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 30, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(120, 30, -2)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(10, 0), (30, 0)]
>>> b.shear_force()
8*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 0) - 6*SingularityFunction(x, 10, 0) - 120*SingularityFunction(x, 30, -1) - 2*SingularityFunction(x, 30, 0)

shear_stress()[source]

Returns an expression representing the Shear Stress curve of the Beam object.

slope()[source]

Returns a Singularity Function expression which represents the slope the elastic curve of the Beam object.

Examples

There is a beam of length 30 meters. A moment of magnitude 120 Nm is applied in the clockwise direction at the end of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 8 N is applied from the top of the beam at the starting point. There are two simple supports below the beam. One at the end and another one at a distance of 10 meters from the start. The deflection is restricted at both the supports.

Using the sign convention of upward forces and clockwise moment being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(30, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(-8, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 10, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 30, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(120, 30, -2)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(10, 0), (30, 0)]
>>> b.slope()
(-4*SingularityFunction(x, 0, 2) + 3*SingularityFunction(x, 10, 2)
+ 120*SingularityFunction(x, 30, 1) + SingularityFunction(x, 30, 2) + 4000/3)/(E*I)

solve_for_reaction_loads(*reactions)[source]

Solves for the reaction forces.

Examples

There is a beam of length 30 meters. A moment of magnitude 120 Nm is applied in the clockwise direction at the end of the beam. A pointload of magnitude 8 N is applied from the top of the beam at the starting point. There are two simple supports below the beam. One at the end and another one at a distance of 10 meters from the start. The deflection is restricted at both the supports.

Using the sign convention of upward forces and clockwise moment being positive.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I = symbols('E, I')
>>> R1, R2 = symbols('R1, R2')
>>> b = Beam(30, E, I)
>>> b.apply_load(-8, 0, -1)
>>> b.apply_load(R1, 10, -1)  # Reaction force at x = 10
>>> b.apply_load(R2, 30, -1)  # Reaction force at x = 30
>>> b.apply_load(120, 30, -2)
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(10, 0), (30, 0)]
R1*SingularityFunction(x, 10, -1) + R2*SingularityFunction(x, 30, -1)
- 8*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -1) + 120*SingularityFunction(x, 30, -2)
{R1: 6, R2: 2}
-8*SingularityFunction(x, 0, -1) + 6*SingularityFunction(x, 10, -1)
+ 120*SingularityFunction(x, 30, -2) + 2*SingularityFunction(x, 30, -1)

property variable

A symbol that can be used as a variable along the length of the beam while representing load distribution, shear force curve, bending moment, slope curve and the deflection curve. By default, it is set to Symbol('x'), but this property is mutable.

Examples

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> E, I, A = symbols('E, I, A')
>>> x, y, z = symbols('x, y, z')
>>> b = Beam(4, E, I)
>>> b.variable
x
>>> b.variable = y
>>> b.variable
y
>>> b = Beam(4, E, I, A, z)
>>> b.variable
z

class sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam.Beam3D(length, elastic_modulus, shear_modulus, second_moment, area, variable=x)[source]

This class handles loads applied in any direction of a 3D space along with unequal values of Second moment along different axes.

Note

While solving a beam bending problem, a user should choose its own sign convention and should stick to it. The results will automatically follow the chosen sign convention. This class assumes that any kind of distributed load/moment is applied through out the span of a beam.

Examples

There is a beam of l meters long. A constant distributed load of magnitude q is applied along y-axis from start till the end of beam. A constant distributed moment of magnitude m is also applied along z-axis from start till the end of beam. Beam is fixed at both of its end. So, deflection of the beam at the both ends is restricted.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam3D
>>> from sympy import symbols, simplify, collect, factor
>>> l, E, G, I, A = symbols('l, E, G, I, A')
>>> b = Beam3D(l, E, G, I, A)
>>> x, q, m = symbols('x, q, m')
>>> b.apply_load(q, 0, 0, dir="y")
>>> b.apply_moment_load(m, 0, -1, dir="z")
>>> b.shear_force()
[0, -q*x, 0]
>>> b.bending_moment()
[0, 0, -m*x + q*x**2/2]
>>> b.bc_slope = [(0, [0, 0, 0]), (l, [0, 0, 0])]
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, [0, 0, 0]), (l, [0, 0, 0])]
>>> b.solve_slope_deflection()
>>> factor(b.slope())
[0, 0, x*(-l + x)*(-A*G*l**3*q + 2*A*G*l**2*q*x - 12*E*I*l*q
- 72*E*I*m + 24*E*I*q*x)/(12*E*I*(A*G*l**2 + 12*E*I))]
>>> dx, dy, dz = b.deflection()
>>> dy = collect(simplify(dy), x)
>>> dx == dz == 0
True
>>> dy == (x*(12*A*E*G*I*l**3*q - 24*A*E*G*I*l**2*m + 144*E**2*I**2*l*q +
...           x**3*(A**2*G**2*l**2*q + 12*A*E*G*I*q) +
...           x**2*(-2*A**2*G**2*l**3*q - 24*A*E*G*I*l*q - 48*A*E*G*I*m) +
...           x*(A**2*G**2*l**4*q + 72*A*E*G*I*l*m - 144*E**2*I**2*q)
...           )/(24*A*E*G*I*(A*G*l**2 + 12*E*I)))
True


References

R602

http://homes.civil.aau.dk/jc/FemteSemester/Beams3D.pdf

apply_load(value, start, order, dir='y')[source]

This method adds up the force load to a particular beam object.

Parameters

value : Sympifyable

The magnitude of an applied load.

dir : String

Axis along which load is applied.

order : Integer

The order of the applied load. - For point loads, order=-1 - For constant distributed load, order=0 - For ramp loads, order=1 - For parabolic ramp loads, order=2 - … so on.

apply_moment_load(value, start, order, dir='y')[source]

This method adds up the moment loads to a particular beam object.

Parameters

value : Sympifyable

The magnitude of an applied moment.

dir : String

Axis along which moment is applied.

order : Integer

The order of the applied load. - For point moments, order=-2 - For constant distributed moment, order=-1 - For ramp moments, order=0 - For parabolic ramp moments, order=1 - … so on.

property area

Cross-sectional area of the Beam.

axial_force()[source]

Returns expression of Axial shear force present inside the Beam object.

axial_stress()[source]

Returns expression of Axial stress present inside the Beam object.

bending_moment()[source]

Returns a list of three expressions which represents the bending moment curve of the Beam object along all three axes.

property boundary_conditions

Returns a dictionary of boundary conditions applied on the beam. The dictionary has two keywords namely slope and deflection. The value of each keyword is a list of tuple, where each tuple contains location and value of a boundary condition in the format (location, value). Further each value is a list corresponding to slope or deflection(s) values along three axes at that location.

Examples

There is a beam of length 4 meters. The slope at 0 should be 4 along the x-axis and 0 along others. At the other end of beam, deflection along all the three axes should be zero.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam3D
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> l, E, G, I, A, x = symbols('l, E, G, I, A, x')
>>> b = Beam3D(30, E, G, I, A, x)
>>> b.bc_slope = [(0, (4, 0, 0))]
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(4, [0, 0, 0])]
>>> b.boundary_conditions
{'deflection': [(4, [0, 0, 0])], 'slope': [(0, (4, 0, 0))]}


Here the deflection of the beam should be 0 along all the three axes at 4. Similarly, the slope of the beam should be 4 along x-axis and 0 along y and z axis at 0.

deflection()[source]

Returns a three element list representing deflection curve along all the three axes.

property load_vector

Returns a three element list representing the load vector.

property moment_load_vector

Returns a three element list representing moment loads on Beam.

plot_shear_force(dir='all', subs=None)[source]

Returns a plot for Shear force along all three directions present in the Beam object.

Parameters

dir : string (default

Direction along which shear force plot is required. If no direction is specified, all plots are displayed.

subs : dictionary

Python dictionary containing Symbols as key and their corresponding values.

Examples

There is a beam of length 20 meters. It it supported by rollers at of its end. A linear load having slope equal to 12 is applied along y-axis. A constant distributed load of magnitude 15 N is applied from start till its end along z-axis.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam3D
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> l, E, G, I, A, x = symbols('l, E, G, I, A, x')
>>> b = Beam3D(20, E, G, I, A, x)
>>> b.apply_load(15, start=0, order=0, dir="z")
>>> b.apply_load(12*x, start=0, order=0, dir="y")
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, [0, 0, 0]), (20, [0, 0, 0])]
>>> R1, R2, R3, R4 = symbols('R1, R2, R3, R4')
>>> b.apply_load(R1, start=0, order=-1, dir="z")
>>> b.apply_load(R2, start=20, order=-1, dir="z")
>>> b.apply_load(R3, start=0, order=-1, dir="y")
>>> b.apply_load(R4, start=20, order=-1, dir="y")
>>> b.solve_for_reaction_loads(R1, R2, R3, R4)
>>> b.plot_shear_force()
PlotGrid object containing:
Plot[0]:Plot object containing:
[0]: cartesian line: 0 for x over (0.0, 20.0)
Plot[1]:Plot object containing:
[0]: cartesian line: -6*x**2 for x over (0.0, 20.0)
Plot[2]:Plot object containing:
[0]: cartesian line: -15*x for x over (0.0, 20.0)


(png, hires.png, pdf)

polar_moment()[source]

Returns the polar moment of area of the beam about the X axis with respect to the centroid.

Examples

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam3D
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> l, E, G, I, A = symbols('l, E, G, I, A')
>>> b = Beam3D(l, E, G, I, A)
>>> b.polar_moment()
2*I
>>> I1 = [9, 15]
>>> b = Beam3D(l, E, G, I1, A)
>>> b.polar_moment()
24

property second_moment

Second moment of area of the Beam.

shear_force()[source]

Returns a list of three expressions which represents the shear force curve of the Beam object along all three axes.

property shear_modulus

Young’s Modulus of the Beam.

shear_stress()[source]

Returns a list of three expressions which represents the shear stress curve of the Beam object along all three axes.

slope()[source]

Returns a three element list representing slope of deflection curve along all the three axes.

solve_for_reaction_loads(*reaction)[source]

Solves for the reaction forces.

Examples

There is a beam of length 30 meters. It it supported by rollers at of its end. A constant distributed load of magnitude 8 N is applied from start till its end along y-axis. Another linear load having slope equal to 9 is applied along z-axis.

>>> from sympy.physics.continuum_mechanics.beam import Beam3D
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> l, E, G, I, A, x = symbols('l, E, G, I, A, x')
>>> b = Beam3D(30, E, G, I, A, x)
>>> b.apply_load(8, start=0, order=0, dir="y")
>>> b.apply_load(9*x, start=0, order=0, dir="z")
>>> b.bc_deflection = [(0, [0, 0, 0]), (30, [0, 0, 0])]
>>> R1, R2, R3, R4 = symbols('R1, R2, R3, R4')
>>> b.apply_load(R1, start=0, order=-1, dir="y")
>>> b.apply_load(R2, start=30, order=-1, dir="y")
>>> b.apply_load(R3, start=0, order=-1, dir="z")
>>> b.apply_load(R4, start=30, order=-1, dir="z")
>>> b.solve_for_reaction_loads(R1, R2, R3, R4)

torsional_moment()[source]