Tensor¶
- class sympy.tensor.tensor.TensorIndexType(name, dummy_name=None, dim=None, eps_dim=None, metric_symmetry=1, metric_name='metric', **kwargs)[source]¶
A TensorIndexType is characterized by its name and its metric.
- Parameters:
name : name of the tensor type
dummy_name : name of the head of dummy indices
dim : dimension, it can be a symbol or an integer or
None
eps_dim : dimension of the epsilon tensor
metric_symmetry : integer that denotes metric symmetry or
None
for no metricmetric_name : string with the name of the metric tensor
Notes
The possible values of the
metric_symmetry
parameter are:1
: metric tensor is fully symmetric0
: metric tensor possesses no index symmetry-1
: metric tensor is fully antisymmetricNone
: there is no metric tensor (metric equals toNone
)The metric is assumed to be symmetric by default. It can also be set to a custom tensor by the
.set_metric()
method.If there is a metric the metric is used to raise and lower indices.
In the case of non-symmetric metric, the following raising and lowering conventions will be adopted:
psi(a) = g(a, b)*psi(-b); chi(-a) = chi(b)*g(-b, -a)
From these it is easy to find:
g(-a, b) = delta(-a, b)
where
delta(-a, b) = delta(b, -a)
is theKronecker delta
(seeTensorIndex
for the conventions on indices). For antisymmetric metrics there is also the following equality:g(a, -b) = -delta(a, -b)
If there is no metric it is not possible to raise or lower indices; e.g. the index of the defining representation of
SU(N)
is ‘covariant’ and the conjugate representation is ‘contravariant’; forN > 2
they are linearly independent.eps_dim
is by default equal todim
, if the latter is an integer; else it can be assigned (for use in naive dimensional regularization); ifeps_dim
is not an integerepsilon
isNone
.Examples
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> Lorentz.metric metric(Lorentz,Lorentz)
Attributes
metric
(the metric tensor)
delta
(
Kronecker delta
)epsilon
(the
Levi-Civita epsilon
tensor)data
((deprecated) a property to add
ndarray
values, to work in a specified basis.)
- class sympy.tensor.tensor.TensorIndex(name, tensor_index_type, is_up=True)[source]¶
Represents a tensor index
- Parameters:
name : name of the index, or
True
if you want it to be automatically assignedtensor_index_type :
TensorIndexType
of the indexis_up : flag for contravariant index (is_up=True by default)
Notes
Tensor indices are contracted with the Einstein summation convention.
An index can be in contravariant or in covariant form; in the latter case it is represented prepending a
-
to the index name. Adding-
to a covariant (is_up=False) index makes it contravariant.Dummy indices have a name with head given by
tensor_inde_type.dummy_name
with underscore and a number.Similar to
symbols
multiple contravariant indices can be created at once usingtensor_indices(s, typ)
, wheres
is a string of names.Examples
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, TensorIndex, TensorHead, tensor_indices >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> mu = TensorIndex('mu', Lorentz, is_up=False) >>> nu, rho = tensor_indices('nu, rho', Lorentz) >>> A = TensorHead('A', [Lorentz, Lorentz]) >>> A(mu, nu) A(-mu, nu) >>> A(-mu, -rho) A(mu, -rho) >>> A(mu, -mu) A(-L_0, L_0)
Attributes
name
tensor_index_type
is_up
- class sympy.tensor.tensor.TensorHead(name, index_types, symmetry=None, comm=0)[source]¶
Tensor head of the tensor.
- Parameters:
name : name of the tensor
index_types : list of TensorIndexType
symmetry : TensorSymmetry of the tensor
comm : commutation group number
Notes
Similar to
symbols
multiple TensorHeads can be created usingtensorhead(s, typ, sym=None, comm=0)
function, wheres
is the string of names andsym
is the monoterm tensor symmetry (seetensorsymmetry
).A
TensorHead
belongs to a commutation group, defined by a symbol on numbercomm
(see_TensorManager.set_comm
); tensors in a commutation group have the same commutation properties; by defaultcomm
is0
, the group of the commuting tensors.Examples
Define a fully antisymmetric tensor of rank 2:
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, TensorHead, TensorSymmetry >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> asym2 = TensorSymmetry.fully_symmetric(-2) >>> A = TensorHead('A', [Lorentz, Lorentz], asym2)
Examples with ndarray values, the components data assigned to the
TensorHead
object are assumed to be in a fully-contravariant representation. In case it is necessary to assign components data which represents the values of a non-fully covariant tensor, see the other examples.>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import tensor_indices >>> from sympy import diag >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> i0, i1 = tensor_indices('i0:2', Lorentz)
Specify a replacement dictionary to keep track of the arrays to use for replacements in the tensorial expression. The
TensorIndexType
is associated to the metric used for contractions (in fully covariant form):>>> repl = {Lorentz: diag(1, -1, -1, -1)}
Let’s see some examples of working with components with the electromagnetic tensor:
>>> from sympy import symbols >>> Ex, Ey, Ez, Bx, By, Bz = symbols('E_x E_y E_z B_x B_y B_z') >>> c = symbols('c', positive=True)
Let’s define \(F\), an antisymmetric tensor:
>>> F = TensorHead('F', [Lorentz, Lorentz], asym2)
Let’s update the dictionary to contain the matrix to use in the replacements:
>>> repl.update({F(-i0, -i1): [ ... [0, Ex/c, Ey/c, Ez/c], ... [-Ex/c, 0, -Bz, By], ... [-Ey/c, Bz, 0, -Bx], ... [-Ez/c, -By, Bx, 0]]})
Now it is possible to retrieve the contravariant form of the Electromagnetic tensor:
>>> F(i0, i1).replace_with_arrays(repl, [i0, i1]) [[0, -E_x/c, -E_y/c, -E_z/c], [E_x/c, 0, -B_z, B_y], [E_y/c, B_z, 0, -B_x], [E_z/c, -B_y, B_x, 0]]
and the mixed contravariant-covariant form:
>>> F(i0, -i1).replace_with_arrays(repl, [i0, -i1]) [[0, E_x/c, E_y/c, E_z/c], [E_x/c, 0, B_z, -B_y], [E_y/c, -B_z, 0, B_x], [E_z/c, B_y, -B_x, 0]]
Energy-momentum of a particle may be represented as:
>>> from sympy import symbols >>> P = TensorHead('P', [Lorentz], TensorSymmetry.no_symmetry(1)) >>> E, px, py, pz = symbols('E p_x p_y p_z', positive=True) >>> repl.update({P(i0): [E, px, py, pz]})
The contravariant and covariant components are, respectively:
>>> P(i0).replace_with_arrays(repl, [i0]) [E, p_x, p_y, p_z] >>> P(-i0).replace_with_arrays(repl, [-i0]) [E, -p_x, -p_y, -p_z]
The contraction of a 1-index tensor by itself:
>>> expr = P(i0)*P(-i0) >>> expr.replace_with_arrays(repl, []) E**2 - p_x**2 - p_y**2 - p_z**2
Attributes
name
index_types
rank
(total number of indices)
symmetry
comm
(commutation group)
- sympy.tensor.tensor.tensor_heads(s, index_types, symmetry=None, comm=0)[source]¶
Returns a sequence of TensorHeads from a string \(s\)
- class sympy.tensor.tensor.TensExpr(*args)[source]¶
Abstract base class for tensor expressions
Notes
A tensor expression is an expression formed by tensors; currently the sums of tensors are distributed.
A
TensExpr
can be aTensAdd
or aTensMul
.TensMul
objects are formed by products of component tensors, and include a coefficient, which is a SymPy expression.In the internal representation contracted indices are represented by
(ipos1, ipos2, icomp1, icomp2)
, whereicomp1
is the position of the component tensor with contravariant index,ipos1
is the slot which the index occupies in that component tensor.Contracted indices are therefore nameless in the internal representation.
- get_matrix()[source]¶
DEPRECATED: do not use.
Returns ndarray components data as a matrix, if components data are available and ndarray dimension does not exceed 2.
- replace_with_arrays(replacement_dict, indices=None)[source]¶
Replace the tensorial expressions with arrays. The final array will correspond to the N-dimensional array with indices arranged according to
indices
.- Parameters:
replacement_dict
dictionary containing the replacement rules for tensors.
indices
the index order with respect to which the array is read. The original index order will be used if no value is passed.
Examples
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, tensor_indices >>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorHead >>> from sympy import symbols, diag
>>> L = TensorIndexType("L") >>> i, j = tensor_indices("i j", L) >>> A = TensorHead("A", [L]) >>> A(i).replace_with_arrays({A(i): [1, 2]}, [i]) [1, 2]
Since ‘indices’ is optional, we can also call replace_with_arrays by this way if no specific index order is needed:
>>> A(i).replace_with_arrays({A(i): [1, 2]}) [1, 2]
>>> expr = A(i)*A(j) >>> expr.replace_with_arrays({A(i): [1, 2]}) [[1, 2], [2, 4]]
For contractions, specify the metric of the
TensorIndexType
, which in this case isL
, in its covariant form:>>> expr = A(i)*A(-i) >>> expr.replace_with_arrays({A(i): [1, 2], L: diag(1, -1)}) -3
Symmetrization of an array:
>>> H = TensorHead("H", [L, L]) >>> a, b, c, d = symbols("a b c d") >>> expr = H(i, j)/2 + H(j, i)/2 >>> expr.replace_with_arrays({H(i, j): [[a, b], [c, d]]}) [[a, b/2 + c/2], [b/2 + c/2, d]]
Anti-symmetrization of an array:
>>> expr = H(i, j)/2 - H(j, i)/2 >>> repl = {H(i, j): [[a, b], [c, d]]} >>> expr.replace_with_arrays(repl) [[0, b/2 - c/2], [-b/2 + c/2, 0]]
The same expression can be read as the transpose by inverting
i
andj
:>>> expr.replace_with_arrays(repl, [j, i]) [[0, -b/2 + c/2], [b/2 - c/2, 0]]
- class sympy.tensor.tensor.TensAdd(*args, **kw_args)[source]¶
Sum of tensors.
- Parameters:
free_args : list of the free indices
Examples
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, tensor_heads, tensor_indices >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> a, b = tensor_indices('a,b', Lorentz) >>> p, q = tensor_heads('p,q', [Lorentz]) >>> t = p(a) + q(a); t p(a) + q(a)
Examples with components data added to the tensor expression:
>>> from sympy import symbols, diag >>> x, y, z, t = symbols("x y z t") >>> repl = {} >>> repl[Lorentz] = diag(1, -1, -1, -1) >>> repl[p(a)] = [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> repl[q(a)] = [x, y, z, t]
The following are: 2**2 - 3**2 - 2**2 - 7**2 ==> -58
>>> expr = p(a) + q(a) >>> expr.replace_with_arrays(repl, [a]) [x + 1, y + 2, z + 3, t + 4]
Attributes
args
(tuple of addends)
rank
(rank of the tensor)
free_args
(list of the free indices in sorted order)
- class sympy.tensor.tensor.TensMul(*args, **kw_args)[source]¶
Product of tensors.
- Parameters:
coeff : SymPy coefficient of the tensor
args
Notes
args[0]
list ofTensorHead
of the component tensors.args[1]
list of(ind, ipos, icomp)
whereind
is a free index,ipos
is the slot position ofind
in theicomp
-th component tensor.args[2]
list of tuples representing dummy indices.(ipos1, ipos2, icomp1, icomp2)
indicates that the contravariant dummy index is theipos1
-th slot position in theicomp1
-th component tensor; the corresponding covariant index is in theipos2
slot position in theicomp2
-th component tensor.Attributes
components
(list of
TensorHead
of the component tensors)types
(list of nonrepeated
TensorIndexType
)free
(list of
(ind, ipos, icomp)
, see Notes)dum
(list of
(ipos1, ipos2, icomp1, icomp2)
, see Notes)ext_rank
(rank of the tensor counting the dummy indices)
rank
(rank of the tensor)
coeff
(SymPy coefficient of the tensor)
free_args
(list of the free indices in sorted order)
is_canon_bp
(
True
if the tensor in in canonical form)- canon_bp()[source]¶
Canonicalize using the Butler-Portugal algorithm for canonicalization under monoterm symmetries.
Examples
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, tensor_indices, TensorHead, TensorSymmetry >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> m0, m1, m2 = tensor_indices('m0,m1,m2', Lorentz) >>> A = TensorHead('A', [Lorentz]*2, TensorSymmetry.fully_symmetric(-2)) >>> t = A(m0,-m1)*A(m1,-m0) >>> t.canon_bp() -A(L_0, L_1)*A(-L_0, -L_1) >>> t = A(m0,-m1)*A(m1,-m2)*A(m2,-m0) >>> t.canon_bp() 0
- contract_metric(g)[source]¶
Raise or lower indices with the metric
g
.- Parameters:
g : metric
Notes
See the
TensorIndexType
docstring for the contraction conventions.Examples
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, tensor_indices, tensor_heads >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> m0, m1, m2 = tensor_indices('m0,m1,m2', Lorentz) >>> g = Lorentz.metric >>> p, q = tensor_heads('p,q', [Lorentz]) >>> t = p(m0)*q(m1)*g(-m0, -m1) >>> t.canon_bp() metric(L_0, L_1)*p(-L_0)*q(-L_1) >>> t.contract_metric(g).canon_bp() p(L_0)*q(-L_0)
- get_free_indices() list[TensorIndex] [source]¶
Returns the list of free indices of the tensor.
Explanation
The indices are listed in the order in which they appear in the component tensors.
Examples
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, tensor_indices, tensor_heads >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> m0, m1, m2 = tensor_indices('m0,m1,m2', Lorentz) >>> g = Lorentz.metric >>> p, q = tensor_heads('p,q', [Lorentz]) >>> t = p(m1)*g(m0,m2) >>> t.get_free_indices() [m1, m0, m2] >>> t2 = p(m1)*g(-m1, m2) >>> t2.get_free_indices() [m2]
- get_indices()[source]¶
Returns the list of indices of the tensor.
Explanation
The indices are listed in the order in which they appear in the component tensors. The dummy indices are given a name which does not collide with the names of the free indices.
Examples
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, tensor_indices, tensor_heads >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> m0, m1, m2 = tensor_indices('m0,m1,m2', Lorentz) >>> g = Lorentz.metric >>> p, q = tensor_heads('p,q', [Lorentz]) >>> t = p(m1)*g(m0,m2) >>> t.get_indices() [m1, m0, m2] >>> t2 = p(m1)*g(-m1, m2) >>> t2.get_indices() [L_0, -L_0, m2]
- perm2tensor(g, is_canon_bp=False)[source]¶
Returns the tensor corresponding to the permutation
g
For further details, see the method in
TIDS
with the same name.
- split()[source]¶
Returns a list of tensors, whose product is
self
.Explanation
Dummy indices contracted among different tensor components become free indices with the same name as the one used to represent the dummy indices.
Examples
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, tensor_indices, tensor_heads, TensorSymmetry >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> a, b, c, d = tensor_indices('a,b,c,d', Lorentz) >>> A, B = tensor_heads('A,B', [Lorentz]*2, TensorSymmetry.fully_symmetric(2)) >>> t = A(a,b)*B(-b,c) >>> t A(a, L_0)*B(-L_0, c) >>> t.split() [A(a, L_0), B(-L_0, c)]
- sympy.tensor.tensor.canon_bp(p)[source]¶
Butler-Portugal canonicalization. See
tensor_can.py
from the combinatorics module for the details.
- sympy.tensor.tensor.riemann_cyclic_replace(t_r)[source]¶
replace Riemann tensor with an equivalent expression
R(m,n,p,q) -> 2/3*R(m,n,p,q) - 1/3*R(m,q,n,p) + 1/3*R(m,p,n,q)
- sympy.tensor.tensor.riemann_cyclic(t2)[source]¶
Replace each Riemann tensor with an equivalent expression satisfying the cyclic identity.
This trick is discussed in the reference guide to Cadabra.
Examples
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, tensor_indices, TensorHead, riemann_cyclic, TensorSymmetry >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> i, j, k, l = tensor_indices('i,j,k,l', Lorentz) >>> R = TensorHead('R', [Lorentz]*4, TensorSymmetry.riemann()) >>> t = R(i,j,k,l)*(R(-i,-j,-k,-l) - 2*R(-i,-k,-j,-l)) >>> riemann_cyclic(t) 0
- class sympy.tensor.tensor.TensorSymmetry(*args, **kw_args)[source]¶
Monoterm symmetry of a tensor (i.e. any symmetric or anti-symmetric index permutation). For the relevant terminology see
tensor_can.py
section of the combinatorics module.- Parameters:
bsgs : tuple
(base, sgs)
BSGS of the symmetry of the tensor
Notes
A tensor can have an arbitrary monoterm symmetry provided by its BSGS. Multiterm symmetries, like the cyclic symmetry of the Riemann tensor (i.e., Bianchi identity), are not covered. See combinatorics module for information on how to generate BSGS for a general index permutation group. Simple symmetries can be generated using built-in methods.
Examples
Define a symmetric tensor of rank 2
>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, TensorSymmetry, get_symmetric_group_sgs, TensorHead >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz', dummy_name='L') >>> sym = TensorSymmetry(get_symmetric_group_sgs(2)) >>> T = TensorHead('T', [Lorentz]*2, sym)
Note, that the same can also be done using built-in TensorSymmetry methods
>>> sym2 = TensorSymmetry.fully_symmetric(2) >>> sym == sym2 True
Attributes
base
(base of the BSGS)
generators
(generators of the BSGS)
rank
(rank of the tensor)
- classmethod direct_product(*args)[source]¶
Returns a TensorSymmetry object that is being a direct product of fully (anti-)symmetric index permutation groups.
Notes
Some examples for different values of
(*args)
:(1)
vector, equivalent toTensorSymmetry.fully_symmetric(1)
(2)
tensor with 2 symmetric indices, equivalent to.fully_symmetric(2)
(-2)
tensor with 2 antisymmetric indices, equivalent to.fully_symmetric(-2)
(2, -2)
tensor with the first 2 indices commuting and the last 2 anticommuting(1, 1, 1)
tensor with 3 indices without any symmetry
- sympy.tensor.tensor.tensorsymmetry(*args)[source]¶
Returns a
TensorSymmetry
object. This method is deprecated, useTensorSymmetry.direct_product()
or.riemann()
instead.Explanation
One can represent a tensor with any monoterm slot symmetry group using a BSGS.
args
can be a BSGSargs[0]
baseargs[1]
sgsUsually tensors are in (direct products of) representations of the symmetric group;
args
can be a list of lists representing the shapes of Young tableauxNotes
For instance:
[[1]]
vector[[1]*n]
symmetric tensor of rankn
[[n]]
antisymmetric tensor of rankn
[[2, 2]]
monoterm slot symmetry of the Riemann tensor[[1],[1]]
vector*vector[[2],[1],[1]
(antisymmetric tensor)*vector*vectorNotice that with the shape
[2, 2]
we associate only the monoterm symmetries of the Riemann tensor; this is an abuse of notation, since the shape[2, 2]
corresponds usually to the irreducible representation characterized by the monoterm symmetries and by the cyclic symmetry.
- class sympy.tensor.tensor.TensorType(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶
Class of tensor types. Deprecated, use tensor_heads() instead.
- Parameters:
index_types : list of
TensorIndexType
of the tensor indicessymmetry :
TensorSymmetry
of the tensor
Attributes
index_types
symmetry
types
(list of
TensorIndexType
without repetitions)
- class sympy.tensor.tensor._TensorManager[source]¶
Class to manage tensor properties.
Notes
Tensors belong to tensor commutation groups; each group has a label
comm
; there are predefined labels:0
tensors commuting with any other tensor1
tensors anticommuting among themselves2
tensors not commuting, apart with those withcomm=0
Other groups can be defined using
set_comm
; tensors in those groups commute with those withcomm=0
; by default they do not commute with any other group.- comm_symbols2i(i)[source]¶
Get the commutation group number corresponding to
i
.i
can be a symbol or a number or a string.If
i
is not already defined its commutation group number is set.
- get_comm(i, j)[source]¶
Return the commutation parameter for commutation group numbers
i, j
see
_TensorManager.set_comm
- set_comm(i, j, c)[source]¶
Set the commutation parameter
c
for commutation groupsi, j
.- Parameters:
i, j : symbols representing commutation groups
c : group commutation number
Notes
i, j
can be symbols, strings or numbers, apart from0, 1
and2
which are reserved respectively for commuting, anticommuting tensors and tensors not commuting with any other group apart with the commuting tensors. For the remaining cases, use this method to set the commutation rules; by defaultc=None
.The group commutation number
c
is assigned in correspondence to the group commutation symbols; it can be0 commuting
1 anticommuting
None no commutation property
Examples
G
andGH
do not commute with themselves and commute with each other; A is commuting.>>> from sympy.tensor.tensor import TensorIndexType, tensor_indices, TensorHead, TensorManager, TensorSymmetry >>> Lorentz = TensorIndexType('Lorentz') >>> i0,i1,i2,i3,i4 = tensor_indices('i0:5', Lorentz) >>> A = TensorHead('A', [Lorentz]) >>> G = TensorHead('G', [Lorentz], TensorSymmetry.no_symmetry(1), 'Gcomm') >>> GH = TensorHead('GH', [Lorentz], TensorSymmetry.no_symmetry(1), 'GHcomm') >>> TensorManager.set_comm('Gcomm', 'GHcomm', 0) >>> (GH(i1)*G(i0)).canon_bp() G(i0)*GH(i1) >>> (G(i1)*G(i0)).canon_bp() G(i1)*G(i0) >>> (G(i1)*A(i0)).canon_bp() A(i0)*G(i1)