# A four bar linkage#

The four bar linkage is a common example used in mechanics, which can be formulated with only two holonomic constraints. This example will make use of joints functionality provided in sympy.physics.mechanics. In summary we will use bodies and joints to define the open loop system. Next, we define the configuration constraints to close the loop. The JointsMethod will be used to do the “book-keeping” of the open-loop system. From this we will get the input used in combination with the constraints to manually setup the KanesMethod as the backend.

First we need to create the dynamicsymbols() needed to describe the system as shown in the above diagram. In this case, the generalized coordinates $$q_1$$, $$q_2$$ and $$q_3$$ represent the angles between the links. Likewise, the generalized speeds $$u_1$$, $$u_2$$ and $$u_3$$ represent the angular velocities between the links. We also create some symbols() to represent the lengths and density of the links.

>>> from sympy import symbols, Matrix, solve, simplify
>>> from sympy.physics.mechanics import *
>>> mechanics_printing(pretty_print=False)
>>> q1, q2, q3, u1, u2, u3 = dynamicsymbols('q1:4, u1:4')
>>> l1, l2, l3, l4, rho = symbols('l1:5, rho')


With all symbols defined, we can now define the bodies.

>>> N = ReferenceFrame('N')
>>> inertias = [inertia(N, 0, 0, rho * l ** 3 / 12) for l in (l1, l2, l3, l4)]
>>> link1 = Body('Link1', frame=N, mass=rho * l1, central_inertia=inertias[0])
>>> link2 = Body('Link2', mass=rho * l2, central_inertia=inertias[1])
>>> link3 = Body('Link3', mass=rho * l3, central_inertia=inertias[2])
>>> link4 = Body('Link4', mass=rho * l4, central_inertia=inertias[3])


Next, we also define the first three joints.

>>> joint1 = PinJoint('J1', link1, link2, coordinates=q1, speeds=u1,
...                   parent_axis=link1.z, parent_joint_pos=l1 / 2 * link1.x,
...                   child_axis=link2.z, child_joint_pos=-l2 / 2 * link2.x)
>>> joint2 = PinJoint('J2', link2, link3, coordinates=q2, speeds=u2,
...                   parent_axis=link2.z, parent_joint_pos=l2 / 2 * link2.x,
...                   child_axis=link3.z, child_joint_pos=-l3 / 2 * link3.x)
>>> joint3 = PinJoint('J3', link3, link4, coordinates=q3, speeds=u3,
...                   parent_axis=link3.z, parent_joint_pos=l3 / 2 * link3.x,
...                   child_axis=link4.z, child_joint_pos=-l4 / 2 * link4.x)


Now we can formulate the holonomic constraint that will close the kinematic loop.

>>> loop = link4.masscenter.pos_from(link1.masscenter) + l1 / 2 * link1.x + l4 / 2 * link4.x


In order to generate the equations of motions, we will use the JointsMethod as our fronted. Before setting up the KanesMethod as its backend we need to calculate the velocity constraints.

>>> method = JointsMethod(link1, joint1, joint2, joint3)
>>> t = dynamicsymbols._t
>>> qdots = solve(method.kdes, [q1.diff(t), q2.diff(t), q3.diff(t)])
>>> fhd = fh.diff(t).subs(qdots)


Now we can setup the KanesMethod as the backend and compute the equations of motion.

>>> method._method = KanesMethod(
...     method.frame, q_ind=[q1], u_ind=[u1], q_dependent=[q2, q3],
...     u_dependent=[u2, u3], kd_eqs=method.kdes,
...     configuration_constraints=fh, velocity_constraints=fhd,